Marketing management assignment Essay

Executive Summary The culture to eating chocolate has certainly evolved over the years in Singapore. A beautiful box of nicely wrapped chocolate was no longer appealing to Singaporeans, especially those whom are born after the 1980s and later. People of this generation go for chocolates that not only taste good but also look good. Therefore Godiva Gems would have to evaluate the markets and use certain strategies to cater their best to certain groups of customers. The strategy introduce was Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning. Foremost, I would introduce the 4 different types of segmentation of the consumer’s market; in the situation of Godiva gems the demographic segmentation seems to be the best choice to segment the market. By segmenting the consumer’s market into chocolate lovers and non-chocolate lovers, which would be further, break down the segment of chocolate lovers into smaller segments through differentiation. Therefore Godiva Chocolate Company will only concentrate on 2 segments as my target. They are the teenagers especially the students and children from the age group of 4 to 7. I would also include the reasons as to why these segments are more penetrable in my point of view. To add on, Positioning is about finding the best way to convince a consumer that their want could be a need. Next I would move on to marketing mix of Godiva Gems. In product strategies, I would use value added method to cater to the different preference of my targeted audiences, by producing two different sets of Godiva Gems to satisfy two different groups of people. In my place strategies, I chose to place Godiva Gems nearer to my target audience to give them the convenience of buying luxury chocolate in the neighbourhood area. In the price strategy, I chose to use the market penetration pricing method to cut off competition and attract as many buyers as possible; follow by the different pricing for chocolates catering to different targets. Lastly, in my promotion strategy, I chose the rational approach on Godiva Gems, follow by the reasons which I think rational approach is the best way to appeal to my target consumers. Chocolate Culture in Singapore The chocolate trend in Singapore is slowly changing over the years. In the past, a box of fine chocolates would still work fine as a gift for occasions. Lately, it’s no longer necessary to buy a beautifully gift-wrapped box of assorted chocolates anymore. With the advent of gourmet quality, chocolates in recent years have made consumers buying them not only for their taste and also for their designs. For instance, the Godiva chocolates are one of the many luxurious chocolates around, and it has always been the best choice as gifts for special occasions. The Godiva chocolate company realized that people love to share chocolates in general. Therefore people go for the individual wrapped offerings like the Lindor Truffle, as they are more attracting. Marketing Strategies – Segmentation By market segmentation, it means that companies divide large heterogeneous markets into smaller segments so as to reach out to people in certain segments more efficiently and effectively with products and services that match their needs. Segmentation goes by four different categories; they are Geographic Segmentation, Demographic Segmentation, Psychographic Segmentation and Behavioral Segmentation. I would use Demographic Segmentation to divide the chocolate market for Godiva Gems. Demographic Segmentation is to divide the market into groups bases of variables, things like race, gender, age, income are some common factors which are popular which people are normally group. This is because the needs and wants of people are closely related to the demographic variables. In addition, the needs and wants of people may vary due to trend influences and the situations they are in. In the situation of Godiva Gems, I would divide the consumer market into 2 big segments; there are the chocolate lovers and the non-chocolate lovers. Assuming there more chocolate lovers than the non-chocolate lovers, therefore further division of the segment is needed to bring the large segment into smaller segments. Marketing Strategies – Targeting and Positioning After division and evaluation of the market segments, the next step targeting is very important. This is because a company only has limited amount of resources therefore has to decide which and how many segments to venture into. Each smaller segment is different and Godiva Chocolate Company needs to work on these differences to best position itself in the consumer’s market. Positioning simply means to find a stand in the heart and mind of every targeted consumer. It is also express as differentiating the competitive advantages in the smaller segments, by choosing the right advantage that would benefit the company which to build a position in the consumer’s market. For instance, the teenagers- students segment and the Children segment each has their own unique differences between them. Therefore the smaller segments that Godiva Gems would be targeting are the young working adult couples and the large families with children. Teenagers – Students Segment Godiva Gems chose to target on teenagers especially the students between the ages of 13 to 16 holding an monthly allowance of $300 to $800, because this group of teenagers generally are outgoing and fun, they gather with friends and get involve with many activities, even though they have minimum purchasing power, they would consider buying luxury chocolate to eat because of peer influence and brand conscious. For instance, when a secondary school student walks into the school eating luxury chocolate, other peers may get envious or jealous and would start to look for one as well. Therefore Godiva Gems could cater to the needs and wants of this group of teenagers because the chocolates would be pack in individual wraps, which can be carried around easily and share around with friends. Young Children Segment Next, Godiva Gems could also target on the children at the age of 4 to 6 with parent holding an annual income of $24000 to $36000. Children in general love candies; chocolate would be one of their favorites. Parent would buy chocolates for their children just to make their children happy. Furthermore, children at the age of 4 to 6 share very close bond to their parent. This is where the Godiva Gems could play a part in creating the family bonding and bring joy and happiness to families by simply eating chocolates together. As Godiva Gems comes in individual wraps, bringing it out on family activities is the best choice. Next I would move on to another strategy known as the Marketing Mix. Marketing Mix Marketing Mix are sets of controllable, tactical marketing tools that a firm uses to create the kind of response which they want from their targeted market and it consists of four different strategies and they are the product strategies, the price strategies, the promotion strategies and lastly the promotion strategies Product Strategies In the market, people in general favor products that are highly available and affordable. In order to achieve the results that Godiva Gems wanted, the comparison made through observation of other chocolate product purchase by consumers would tell the company where Godiva Chocolate stands; in addition it also reveals the competitive advantages of Godiva Gems. Product strategies work in many ways. For instance, surveys could be given out to the targeted audiences in order to capture their preferences towards chocolate. This way, the firm could analysis the external environment and know what the consumers like best. For example, Children in the age group of 4 to 6 would like their chocolate in different patterns and colors while the students in the age of 13 to 16 might focus more on the taste and brand of the chocolate. Therefore Godiva Gems could work towards the preferences of the targeted market. The preferences of the targeted audience create the value add to Godiva Gems. Godiva Gems would come out with many patterns and colors coated chocolates to suit the children market and different types of chocolate tastes to cater to the students. In addition, a crew of dedicated sales personnel would be value added aspect to marketing a product. This is because people in general buy the goods along with the services therefore people do concern over the manner which they were being treated and serve. The same should apply to Godiva Gems. In a nut shell, Godiva Gems have to achieve the needs of the targeted market, at the same time the service standards, which the chocolate is sold, must also be excellent. Godiva Gems should portray the image of luxury chocolate at an affordable price. Place Strategies Place strategies are about finding the right place to distribute your product. Hence, Singapore is a very small market compared to almost all countries in the world and almost all luxury chocolates could only be found in the places like shopping centers, museums and the National airport of Singapore. No doubt, many people go to places like the orchard road on weekends but the shopping centers are mostly filled with young adults. My target audiences are students and Children, Student at the age of 13 to 16 would most likely spend their time in the tuition centers and having school curriculum activities, they may not have the time to go out shopping. Furthermore, Children with the age of 4 to 6 are mostly likely to spend their weekends with the grandparents, playing at the playground while the parents go out to do their shopping. To reach out to these groups of people, Godiva Gems has come out with the strategy by walking into the neighbourhood. Godiva Gems aim to set up high-end chocolate shops in the estates to sell affordable luxury chocolate because the targeted audience can now get them around the corner. Godiva Gems could open the first high-end chocolate shop at one of the old estates, like Bedok. These estates have the most housing flats and neighbourhood schools. Price Strategies Since the targeted audiences are in the neighbourhood, the pricing of the chocolate must be affordable and not pricey. Firstly, I would use the Market penetration pricing strategy on Godiva Gems. Firstly, Godiva Gems is using a new product to enter into a new market; it needs to attract a large number of buyers as quickly as possible. Secondly, Godiva Gems selling at low prices could keep the competition, of other brands of chocolate, out of the market. Therefore, the company could price Godiva Gems that caters to children at the age of 4 to 6 in two different style; they can be sold at $30 per pack with 20 pieces of random individual wraps or children can choose among the chocolates from the lower shelving, on these lower shelving are each individual wrap chocolate with different design and color at the cost at $1.50. In this manner Godiva Gems are made affordable to parents, of young children, in the neighbourhood. In comparison, Godiva Gems that cater to students would be pack differently from the children pack and could be found at the higher shelving in the shop. The chocolates for the students come in boxes with 20 sticks of individual wrap chocolate at $40. In this way, Godiva Gems is made affordable to the students. Promotion Strategies Promotion Strategies are tool in helping the firm to get the message content across to attract the target audience to purchase the product. As my target audiences are the students and the parents of young children, I think the most suitable would be the rational approach. This is because, the rational approach relates to the audiences’ self-interest. The best way to attract the students and Children to get to know Godiva Gems is by giving out Samples. On this hand, the opening of a high-end chocolate shop located in the neighbourhood would definitely attract curiosity from the public. At this moment, the sales personnel would welcome the people outside of the shop to sample Godiva Gems. Godiva Gems would succeed when people purchase after they sample because it will mean the consumers like the taste of the chocolate. On the other hand, promotion strategy also works another way. For instance Godiva Gems could do opening ceremony sale promotion to attract consumers to buy the products. The products can be package in bundle and sell at different price. References Kaplan Study Guide for Marketing Management Extra Readings Don Sexton. and Donald Trump (2006) Trump University Marketing 101: how to use the most powerful ideas in marketing to get more customers. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken Philip Kotler. and Gary Armstrong (2009) Principles of Marketing 13 ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.a

A Case Analysis on Sealed Air Corporation

The context in which the decision is to be made is that Sealed Air is facing competition from unexpected quarters. The company Sealed Air had achieved market leadership by differentiating its AirCap cushioning materials by using the â€Å"barrier-coating† making AirCap cushioning material more versatile and reliable.The company had depended on this crucial differentiating factor that had been communicated to its customers in different ways. In addition, its salespersons had also been trained to project the superiority of coated bubble cushioning. Sealed Air technology is patented and so it enjoyed leadership in the cushioning market. What is more important is that the brand AirCap was positioned as high quality, premium-cushioning material.Currently, there is an increase in competition from two quarters. First, there are several small manufacturers that have invented processes similar to that of Sealed Air and have produced cheap substitutes. Second, there is an increase in un coated bubble cushioning manufacturing and marketing in the USA especially by a new competitor that is GAFCEL.The issue to be decided is whether Sealed Air should commence manufacturing uncoated bubble operations to counter this new competition or should Sealed Air continue with its strategy of emphasizing the benefits of coated bubble technology. There are pressures from several quarters on Hauser to make the decision.The GAFCEL sales are increasing very quickly, the distributors of AirCap have also taken up the distribution of GAFCEL and the distributors are actively asking for uncoated bubble cushioning. On the other hand Hauser is torn because Sealed Air has been positioned as a coated bubble company, it has communicated the benefits of coated bubble technology over the years and its sales force is also oriented towards selling coated bubble cushioning.There are several requirements and limitations. The requirement for Sealed Air is to stem the falling market share at home and a broad. For example, in England, Sealed Air needs to counter the challenges thrown to it by the Japanese firm that is selling uncoated bubble products at 50% less price than AirCap cushioning. Similarly, in France the market share of AirCap has fallen from 50% to 30% because of increased competition from uncoated products.Finally, In Germany, AirCap was losing its share at the rate of 20% to 30% per year. Even though the gross sales of AirCap in the US market are increasing, the rate of increase is much slower than what it was in early ‘70s. For instance the increase in sales from 1973 to 1974 was 30%, the increase in sales from 1979 to 1980 was only 19% (Dolan p4).   The basic requirement for Sealed Air is to counter the fast eroding market for its coated AirCap.It must be able to regain its market share to at least 1978 levels. Sealed Air has other requirements; it must be able to protect its current positioning in the market, it should be able to protect its coated bubble sales and must not dilute the brand equity of AirCap. Further, Sealed Air should endeavor to follow the twin objectives of providing market leadership through technological leadership.Till now Sealed Air has technological leadership as well as market leadership because AirCap had been selling coated bubble cushioning. Sealed Air also needs to ensure that its distributors continue to sell its coated bubble products as they have done in the past.  Ã‚   However, Hauser has some limitations. These are that the company does not have any means of differentiating if it goes in for uncoated bubble products. It has to compete on price with GAFCEL. There is no technological leadership for Sealed Air if it goes in for uncoated bubble technology.Moreover, the sales force of Sealed Air is oriented towards selling strongly differentiated high quality premium AirCap products. This sales force is not suitable for uncoated products.The sales of AirCap products are limited by the demand for high qu ality versatile packing material. Similarly, the distributors and their selling methods are suited more for uncoated bubble cushioning rather than AirCap products that needed more demonstration and selling time.

Poverty and Children in the United States Essay

Although the world has made strides in technical development, social development issues remain a challenge not only to the developing world but also to the developed world. Poverty is one of the social issues that have been tackled by successive government with littler mitigation of the situation. Even in situation where the rate of poverty seems declining, there is always a quick shift of the goalpost and the gains made are quickly eroded with successive change of government or due to the changing environment condition. Even in developed countries like United States, poverty is a major challenge. The rate of poverty of poverty remains at double digit even with all the efforts to tackle the problem. Poverty has been confined to the low income segment of the society. Children are the most affected with a high percentage of poverty confined in children population. Due to their vulnerable nature, children have no option but to live with the current state of their life.   Consequent researches have proved that children under the age of 18 are more likely to be impoverished. At all time in our history the gap between the rich and the poor has been growing wide. Not that there are not effort to reduce this gap, but somehow the nature of our economies, free market and the role of the state remain unclear. To take a leaf from a popular book which was published in 1888 by Edward Bellamy, we have not reached the utopic situation that he had predicted in the book by 2000. He saw a society where class division were to be done away with, but our the gap between the rich and the poor is wide; where workers earn the same salary, but there is a big difference in our salary scale;   and a society where poverty would no longer exist, but our poverty levels are soaring all time high.   In his critical outlook at the 19teh century, Dr Lee failed to understand how wages were set at a state in which men and women would not be able to sustain the life of their children. He saw it as a conspiracy to deny children. (Reef, 2008) Poverty in the United States Poverty can be measured either as absolute or relative poverty. Absolute poverty can be defined as a situation where individuals lack all the basic needs for their survival.   This means that individuals lack the fundamental necessities for life like diet that meets their daily caloric and nutrient needs, shelter, clothing, safe drinking water, and others.  Ã‚   In the world those living under such condition are generally considered as poor. On the other hand relative poverty is a measure that is adopted which goes with the standard of living in the society.   In this case individuals may not lack basic necessities like in absolute poverty but compared with the standards of life of those living around they may be considered deprived of some basic wants.   As the standard of living in a country rises, individual life may be changing as well. Therefore poverty in the United States may be measured or a relative poverty base since even most of those who are considered poor do not lack the fundamental necessities of their life. (NCCP, 2008) In the United States, poverty is measured using the poverty line which has been set by the government.   This measure is set to assess how an individual access the basic goods and services which are usually taken for granted by  Ã‚   the society. however this   the threshold value for assessing poverty in the country is adjusted from time to time in line with the rate of inflation   mostly using consumer price index.   The measure for poverty used in the world and which has been adopted by the United Nations is two dollars a day. Individuals who live below the poverty line are those who live on less than two dollars a day. Poverty eradication has been an ongoing war in the United States.   However, it was in 1964 when President Lyndon Johnson officially declared a war on American social. This was war on domestic poverty which had rocked its all time high.   Since 1964 when this war was declared, there are hundreds of billions of dollars which have been spent in the war against poverty in the small and large American towns. The government has been providing free food, repaired all the dilapidated homes and furnished jobs for all those in need. Hearts and Minds (2007) show that despite the government efforts, there are millions of Americans who are still living under poverty. American has not won the war. Statistics taken in 1996 showed that there were more Americans living in poverty compared to the statistics taken in 1964. This clearly illustrate that the country social-wellbeing had been declining to its lowest levels in the last century. 1996 statistics showed that 13.8 percent of Americans were living in poverty and large percentages were in the borderline. However, it was very astonishing that 48 %of this population was children. The statistics also revealed that;  · More than 15 million children or roughly one out of every four children in united state lived below the official poverty line  · 22% of Americans   who were under the age of 18 years and approximately 25% under that age of 12 years were hungry or were at the risk facing hunger  · for every 2,660 children who were born in poverty, about 276 of them died from the same poverty  · Children and families in poverty were the fasted growing group of homeless individual making up to about 40%. Poverty in the United States has been changing with time and usually rhymes with the official measures taken to address the problem.   However, the official figures have been staggering at around 12 to 16% measured on the federal poverty line at any given time while for the last one decade, it is estimated that roughly 40 % of the population fall below the poverty line. The Bureau of Statistics has also revealed that about 58.5% Americans will spend at least one year of life in poverty or mostly between the age of 25 and 75. While the government continues to put more effort in fighting poverty, it is evident that United States has some of the highest official figures of poverty and the Human development Index ranks the country at the 12th position. This means that among the developed countries in the world, the country has the highest pre and post transfer poverty rates. Institute for Research on Poverty (2008) shows that despite these staggering figures of poverty, the distribution of poverty among the race, gender, and age is varying. Going with the age it is evident that individual below the age of 18 years are mostly affected by poverty for example, in the 2006 statistics the rate of poverty among the minors was the highest among the industrialized nations in the world.   Research reveled that 21.9 % of all the minors in the population were living under poverty. However, racial difference was also evident with about 30% of African Americans minors living below the poverty line.   Research has also shown that there is a higher rate of child poverty in the rural areas compared to the suburban and urban areas. Poverty and children As we have seen, children are most affected by poverty in the country. A large percentage of children especially those living in families with low income are languishing in relative poverty compared to how other children in their neighborhood are living. Research has been documented that children living in low income neighborhood famously referred to as the ghettos experience a high rate of poverty compared to children in well up neighborhoods. Hearts and Minds (2007) assert that for the last two decades, child poverty has been ranging between 10 and 20%.   Although there has been fluctuation and dispute of the official figures of child poverty, it is very clear that the figures have been on the upward trend.   During the 1990s, the official figures of poverty children declines slightly and the same decline was also recorded in welfare rolls. However, the hopes raised by this decline obscured three caveats:  · First the increase did not last and when we thought we had mad strides in 1990s, the figures started rising again from 2000.   The welfare safety net was also drastically reduced since 2000.  · Second, there has been an increase in severe poverty. This defines children who are living in families that live on less that half of the set federal line on poverty.  · Third, there are a very large number of children who are living below or near the poverty line, with a good percentage hanging on the border line. Currently   estimates show that this groups is roughly 37 % of American children that is composed of 42% American infant and toddlers, 58% American children, 62% of American Latino children According to the recent estimates, more than 13 million Americans children are living in families which have income far below the federal poverty level which is currently set at $20,650 every year for a family of four.   Between 2000 and 2006 it has been shown that the number of children living in poverty increased by about 11% despite the government effort to mitigate the situation. However, it has been argued that since poverty is measured as relative poverty in United States, this could be attributed to the increase in income in the upper segment of the population. Therefore, this figure may be reflecting a growing disparity in the distribution of income rather than an increase in the official figure of children living in poverty. Despite the argument about the validity of these figures, it is evident that there are more than 1.2 million more children living under the federal poverty threshold today compared to 2000. (NCCP, 2008) Fass and Cauthen (2007) stresses that these numbers are troubling, and they also tell us a part of the wide scale poverty situation in our country.   These figures tell us of a more flawed metric of economic hardship that our country is currently experiencing.   Research has proved that most families in the United States need twice more the federal poverty level threshold in order to make the ends met.   Again here we can see a very clear picture portraying how our official figures are not rhyming with the situation on the ground which tells of a growing disparity in the distribution of resources.   According to the federal threshold level for 2006, children who were living in families below this level which was roughly $41,000 for a family of four were regarded as low income.   More than 39% of children in the nation, about 28 million lived in low income families in 2006. What do these figures reflect? We can give different interpretation from the figures which we have reviewed so far. However, it is very clear that there is a growing rate of child poverty in America. As expressed by child advocacy groups this is a big concern to us especially when we consider that children will make our society tomorrow.   We have toiled to create a developed country and our fear is that we may be slowly slipping to a third world society if we have to continue with the trend. Furthermore the growing number of children living below the poverty line is a reflection of the trend in the large society. This clearly reflects the growing disparities in income distribution. As we saw with the disputed figures, it is evident that the main reason which we an attribute to the growing disparity in the official poverty rate figures shows a growing income in the upper segment of the society while the low income families have reduced their level of income or remained in the same statues.   This is a growing concern considered that fact that about 1% of the Americans currently earn twice as much as the 38% of the American in the bottom of the ladder. (NCCP, 2008) There is also a growing barrier to upward mobility.   This is manifested not only in the rising child poverty but also in the preclusive real estate and the rising rate of inflation. There is a growing cost of health care, energy, and others. Healthcare for children is a concern in the country with the No Child Left Behind program struggling to meet its objectives and provide affordable healthcare cost to American children. It is still estimated that there are more children in low income families who are not insured with any medical insurance, and who still fail to meet the entry criteria to No Child Left Behind program. Gussow (1994) estimate that about 13 million children in the united states still live in   homes with low access to food supply.   Researches have established a direct link between lack of enough food supply, malnutrition and poor health status among children. Although there are conflicting figures on the rate of malnutrition in the country, it is evident that children from the low income families have been experiencing one from of malnutrition or the other. While the prevailing data gives very little evidence of existence of extreme hunger, there is enough data to suggest that majority of American children living in poverty have deficient of one mineral or the other. (NCCP, 2008) Miller and Koreman (1994) shows that the situation is compounded by the fact that we have been caught up in double tragedy of malnutrition. While a good segment of American children are living in relative poverty, the upper segment is living in affluence with a high rate of lifestyle disease. However, data fails to distinguish between the two factors although it is evident that malnutrition problems like overweight and obesity are prevalent in both the affluent and the poor segment of the society. While some studies suggests that low income family children have a higher rate of overweight and obesity, other studies have shown contradicting results. Whichever the case we have to understand that over nutrition or under nutrition both express a health challenge manifested in American children. Conclusion Despite the government effort to deal with poverty, child poverty in United States remains a challenge. The trend is worrying despite the efforts made we are slipping to a dangerous situation. The population of children living below the federal poverty line has been on the rise. It is time that the government realized that this is a problem we are facing and therefore come up with strategies to address it. The country need to take changes in the social system in order to address the plight of children well in providing of basic necessities. Some programs like No Child Left Behind need to be reviewed in order to accommodate more children. Unless we take the problem of our children as ours, the problem of child poverty will stay here with us.

Marketing plan for a Sick Day Care called WE LUV UR KIDS Article

Marketing plan for a Sick Day Care called WE LUV UR KIDS - Article Example WE LOVE UR KIDS is committed to providing quality care for your sick child. We give priority to your child and provide the same attention that they would receive at home by employing staff nurses to monitor the children and administer necessary medications. WE LOVE UR KIDS would not only provide shelter to their clients, but also give the children an environment that resembles a home, where they could be most comfortable while seeking relief for their ailments. The Day Care for Sick Children (DCSC) will be unique as it will be the first Day Care Center offering services for sick children in the South East area of Albuquerque. There are currently no other facilities of this type. Working parents who do not have nannies to stay at home with their sick children may avail of DCSC’s services and be assured that their children would be taken cared of the way they are cared for at home or in hospitals. DCSC will provide services for children with fevers and/ or minor illnesses that will not allow them to attend school or regular Day Care Centers. This Day Care Center will provide on staff nurses to monitor the children and administer necessary medications. DCSC will be similar to a hospital environment, with semi-private rooms including televisions and video games. There will also be a playroom for those children who feel well enough to use it. DCSC will be open Monday-Friday, from 6:00 AM to 7:00 PM to accommodate working parents with regular working hours. DCSC shall accept children with ages ranging from 2 to 10 years. Admitting staff would require a briefing from the child’s parent/ guardian to be able to understand and administer the needed health care for the patient. 2. The services would not be competitive compared to a hospital. The services shall be limited only to patients who have minor illnesses such as mild fever, colds and cough, and other similar

History assignmnt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History assignmnt - Essay Example bsite has been on-going with the effort to record and preserve the record of September 11, through the collection and storage of information from first-hand encounter of the event, digital photographs and artworks, and a variety of other digital materials associated to the attacks. The website also uses the events as a technique of evaluating in what manner history is being documented and conserved in the 21st century. It also helps historian’s better collect, preserve, and writes history in the new century. The main goal is to create an enduring documentation of events of 9-11-2001. The Archive has so far made contracting agreements establishing partnership with Library of Congress, which accepted a copy of the as its Archive permanent collections this ensures long-term preservation. Over the years, the archive has accumulated more than 150,000 digital files: stories, photographs, digital art images, videos, official documents, and oral histories. Altogether, these resources provide the substantial accounts of the event and instantaneous reactions of the events in New York, Arlington, and Shanksville. The site has also managed to archive record on the subsequent kaleidoscopic chronological remembrances that have been at the heart for much of the scholarship on September 11th. The September 11 website author being lovers of history and media, majority of them working in the George Mason University lack visible differences and thus the reason behind the continued success of the web page. Their love for history is said to be one of the pillars of the web page. Also, the model of data collection and preservation is a significant contributor to its continued success. Being in the 21st century majority of readers would prefer to get information on the website. This gives the September 11 a boost to its success as there are not many such sights where individuals can access such information. The website â€Å"The September 11† has been providing software’s that

Children and hand-washing and Diaper changing Research Paper

Children and hand-washing and Diaper changing - Research Paper Example Work up a good lather for at least one minute. I actually felt confident about my hand washing and diaper changing techniques because I have helped take care of baby nieces and nephews in the past so this task was not really alien to me. I just had to make a few adjustments to my technique in order to come up to the required methods for this class. Like I mentioned earlier, I needed to make a few adjustments in terms of where to lay the clean diaper and how to transfer the child to that clean diaper. My hand washing technique, however, does not require any changes. I have learned that properly positioning the diaper under the child and making sure that the diaper is properly spread out could spell the difference in a childs comfort. The more spread out the diaper, the more comfortable the child will be. I also learned the importance of having clean hands while changing a

Native Guard Poems By Natasha Trethewey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Native Guard Poems By Natasha Trethewey - Essay Example The poem profoundly conveys her heart for the blacks in rich voice texture and images of truths concerning the battles not only against slavery for the fellow blacks but even with the unsettled issue of freedom that appears detached from the desired racial equality. â€Å"Native Guard† begins with an epigraph attributed to the 19th century social reformer and statesman Frederick Douglass stating â€Å"... if this war is to be forgotten, I ask in the name of all things sacred what shall men remember?† in reference to the Civil War which Trethewey revitalizes with her literary design. Utilizing ten stanzas each bearing distinct date, the poet pays tribute to one member of the Louisiana Native Guards being â€Å"the first officially sanctioned regiment of black soldiers in the Union Army.† With reference to the first line where the speaker expresses  Ã¢â‚¬ Truth be told, I do not want to forget†, the native guard himself is shown to have gathered to his sen sibility an essential contemplation of the past, adding â€Å"†¦I thought to carry with me / want of freedom though I had been freed, / remembrance not constant recollection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . ... s and ends with a memory wherein the last line of each sonnet becomes a variant of the subsequent sonnet's opening line, as in a meaningful chronology of historical events. Since â€Å"Native Guard† is a first-person narrative supposedly by an unnamed ex-slave in an all-black regiment of the Union Army, the lines can be observed to possess stately approach to language and structure. Within the poem’s context is the presence of circularity depicting circumstantial shifts as one finds the former slave guarding the imprisoned inside the Union fort at Mississippi’s Ship Island. Comparing his personal life in relation to his professional life as a military officer who look after welfare of the fallen rebels, he states – I now use ink to keep record, a closed book, not the lure of memory — flawed, changeful — that dulls the lash for the master, sharpens it for the slave. For the slave, having a master sharpens the bend into work, the way the sergea nt moves us now to perfect battalion drill, dress parade. Trethewey’s style of writing in â€Å"Native Guard† is characteristic of a speaker’s tone or at least, a sound representative of the way speech is made in the culture or group the narrator has become a part of. Like journal entries, the words are phrased and constructed in a manner that indirectly yet effectively states the type of sentiments involved and along the following lines, the bitterness may be sensed with the drop of the last two words – †¦We’re called supply units - not infantry – and so we dig trenches, haul burdens for the army no less heavy than before. I heard the Colonel call it Nigger work†¦ Often, the work celebrates not only the factual details which history is not made to confront or disclose but also the most excruciating truths that

Rising Greenhouse Gas Emissions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rising Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Coursework Example The other risks that are regarded as having more gravity include global governance failure, unsustainable population growth, and rising green house emissions (Barnett & Adger, 2003). The paper discusses the risk of increasing greenhouse emissions. Global warming comes about as result green house emissions leading to the greenhouse effect. The burning of fossil fuels and extensive clearing of forests has led to a 40% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide from 280 to 392.6 parts per million in 2012 (CDIAC, 2012). Developing nations have been found to have higher percentages of greenhouse emissions compared to the developed countries. The increase of greenhouse gases is a result of human activities such as forest degradation and burning of fossil fuels. There is growing recognition that there are over 50 global risks are classified into five main categories: (1) geopolitical: global governance failure (2) societal: unsustainable population growth, ineffective drug policies (3) technological: critical systems failure (4) economic: chronic fiscal imbalances, major systematic financial failure (5) environmental: greenhouse gas emissions (Howel 2013:54-55). The rising green house emissions risk fall under the environmental category. The rising green house emissions are a threat to the world regarding the gravity of its consequences. Greenhouse gases consist of those gases that emit and absorb infrared radiation, excluding the radiation in near or visible spectrum (Pandey, 2007). In order of abundance they include: Water vapor, carbon (IV) oxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and chloro floro carbons (CFCs). The main source of green house gases is carbon dioxide. The following fuels natural gases, liquefied petroleum gas, automobile gasoline, kerosene, wood and wood waste, and coal if combusted produce a lot greenhouse gases too (Dijk et al. 2012:110-115). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is viewed to the most vital

Self Reflection Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Reflection Letter - Essay Example It is worth to note that writing of academic paper is not an easy task as I thought before taking this class. With the help of the friendly professor I have learned to conduct a thorough research using library resources and online search engines. Now I am able to produce a well-researched paper on any topic. In addition, I realized that writing of the research paper requires intensive investments of time and efforts - it is not enough to locate several articles and summarize them - it is necessary to review the major points as well as pay close attention to the details. Thinking logically and reasoning critically are two of the skills that have helped me to put information from different sources into one flowing essay. While being in this class, my perception of world issues and of American culture has much enlarged. I have spent three years in United States already, but I cannot claim confidently that I have enough knowledge of culture to understand it. Numerous discussions in class have helped me to make one step towards fuller understanding of the American culture.

Planning a Training Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Planning a Training Program - Essay Example Making crochet starts with learning about chain stitching. At the second phase, the trainees will be provided training about ‘how to stitch’. Chain stitching is a needlework stitching method in which a chain design is developed from twisted stitches. It is considered as a traditional craft method. Chain stitching does not necessitate needle badge and due to this reason, the stitch is considered as actual surface embroidery on complete fabric. In this phase, the trainers will learn about making curved line and numerous sewing patterns.   Two significant trainings will be provided in this stage, one is hand stitching and the other one is machine stitching technique. Hand stitching will be the fundamental training for developing crochet. After acquiring complete grasp of hand stitching, the trainees will know about how to do machine stitching as an advanced stitching technique. It is considered as a faster as well as more secured stitching method. Third Stage: Single Croc hetIn the third stage, the learners will be provided training about how to make single crochet. Single crochet is one of the most vital phases for learning crochet because without it no one will be able to prepare the double crochet properly and the whole training will become a chaos. The single crochet training will instruct the following aspects:†¢Ã‚  Method of implanting the crochet hook†¢Ã‚  Method of yarningAfter completely understanding the process of single crochet, the trainees will be provided teaching about conducting the dual crochet.... several types of hooks, yarns, and threads Recognizing the uses of other significant components such as scissors, safety pins, stitch markers, buttons, and zippers among others Measuring the length and the breadth of crochet that needs to be developed Selecting appropriate needles for crochet and, Calculating number of stitches in crochet Second Stage: Chain Stitching Making crochet starts with learning about chain stitching. At the second phase, the trainees will be provided training about ‘how to stitch’. Chain stitching is a needlework stitching method in which a chain design is developed from twisted stitches. It is considered as a traditional craft method. Chain stitching does not necessitate needle badge and due to this reason, the stitch is considered as actual surface embroidery on complete fabric. In this phase, the trainers will learn about making curved line and numerous sewing patterns. Two significant trainings will be provided in this stage, one is hand sti tching and the other one is machine stitching technique. Hand stitching will be the fundamental training for developing crochet. After acquiring complete grasp of hand stitching, the trainees will know about how to do machine stitching as an advanced stitching technique. It is considered as a faster as well as more secured stitching method. Third Stage: Single Crochet In the third stage, the learners will be provided training about how to make single crochet. Single crochet is one of the most vital phases for learning crochet because without it no one will be able to prepare the double crochet properly and the whole training will become a chaos. The single crochet training will instruct the following aspects: Method of implanting the crochet hook Method of yarning Drawing up the circle Conducting

“Castles Don’t Have Phones, Asshole!” by Jodi Parker Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Castles Don’t Have Phones, Asshole!† by Jodi Parker Essay

IBM preparing Essay Example for Free

IBM preparing Essay IBM is preparing an exciting internship opportunity for those interested in careers in global technology, and we invite you, as a newly-hired undergraduate consultant, to encourage your friends and classmates to apply with us for their own chance to take part in this pilot program. IBM, Global Business Service plans to open its internship program to include undergraduate students. While we have special interest in grooming our newly-hired undergraduate consultants into such positions, IBM also wants to hear about other promising college students. This is where you, as one of our best and brightest collegiates, can help by guiding those you feel can fit into our work life and mission statement to apply at our website for an internship. This new program will even further help our mission â€Å"to develop analytics, tools and techniques for enabling more effective talent management and driving novel solutions for IBM and our clients. † There are many benefits of any IBM internship position, and opening this up to more undergraduates will really help student careers. Prestigious graduate schools, domestic and international technology firms, and IBM itself look for undergraduate students who demonstrate an ability to be set apart from their peers while succeeding. IBM, Global Business Service’s internships will offer hands-on experience to a segment of the college population that is often neglected in higher technological learning opportunities, and perhaps help create future leaders for the company. Most colleges will also likely permit credit and even financial aid, in addition to your IBM benefits and compensation, if your classmates are accepted for these experiences. There are also possibilities for travel and even full-time jobs for successful interns. Take a chance on your future through helping someone else find career direction toward IBM and do not hesitate to keep this upcoming internship in mind for your future plans as needed. Any time you join forces with IBM as you work to a long-lasting technology career is a good move for your future. We consider all our interns, consultants, and employees the best of the best, and we trust that they will help us by finding more excellent people to help make IBM’s mission remain true. Sincerely, Internship Manager. Reference: Our Mission. (2009). Retrieved March 25, 2009 from IBM Research: http://domino. research. ibm. com/comm/research_projects. nsf/pages/workforce. mission. html.

Relationship Between Self-confidence and Sports Performance

Relationship Between Self-confidence and Sports Performance Self-confidence is probably the most regularly reported psychological elements considered to have an effect on athletic performance. For instance, as observed by Arkes and Garske (1982), researchers have well-known that the separating elementbetween high and low accomplishment motivation is self-confidence. Athletes who are self-confident and expecting to do well are generally the same athletes who do win. Self-confidence has been operationalized in numerous different ways.These include the constructs of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977, 1997), sport confidence (Vealey, 1986), perceived capability (Harter, 1982; Nicholls, 1984), outcome expectancies (Rotter, 1954), and movement confidence (Griffin Keogh, 1982). Anacknowledged description is the one proposed by Feltz (1988) who shows that self-confidence should be considered as: â€Å" the confidence that one can efficiently perform anexact natural process rather than a global trait that accounts for overall performance optimism. For in stance, one may experience a high point of self-confidence in one’s driving skill in golf only a low level of self-confidence in putting†. Self-confidence, as operationalized by Feltz, is essentially the same as self-efficacy, a construct defined by Bandura (1977). The theory of self-efficacy, which was originated within the structure of a social cognitive theory, has been one of the most widely used theoretical basic for assessing self-confidence in sport and exercise. Self-efficacy was originally projected as an account of the sort of interference procedures utilized in the discussion of anxiety, and has been employed in sport to explain the intervention of achievement behaviors. Granting to the theory, self-efficacy is determined as the cognitions that symbolize the sentences or beliefs that one can successfully accomplish a specific action to create a certain outcome rather than a global threat that account for overall performance optimism (Bandura, 1997). Self-effi cacy is not concerned with the skills of an individual, merely with the assessment of what he or she can get along with her/his expertise (Feltz, 1992; McAuley, 1992). In really simple conditions, self-efficacy represents a variety of situation specific self-confidence (Vealey, 1986). For instance, an individual may feel very positive in her/his ability to perform on the volleyball court, but be totally intimidated at the idea of public speech production. People’s opinion of their personal capabilities has been evinced to be an important determinant of choice of activity, how much effort is expended in those activities, persistence in the face of aversive stimuli, thought forms, and emotional reactions (Bandura, 1977, 1986, 1997). When confronted with stressful stimuli, low-efficacious individuals tend to break up, assign the failure internally, and have greater anxiety or depression (Bandura, 1982). Judgment of self-efficacy is based on four major sources of information: Past performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, persuasion, and physiological states (Bandura, 1977). Performance accomplishments are the most reliable and influential sources of efficacy information since they are founded on authentic mastery experiences. This notion is reflected in the hypothesis that mastery attempts that are perceived as a success will facilitate efficacy expectations, whereas attempts perceived as failures will result in lowered efficacy. Once strong feelings of self-efficacy develop through repeated successes, occasional failures will be of little effects.The influence that performance experiences have on self-efficacy depends on the perceived difficulty of the project, the attemptfinished, the quantity of physical leadership received, and the sequential patterns of achievement and disappointment (Bandura, 1986).Successes with difficult projects, tasks tried individually, and task s achieved early in understanding with only unexpecteddisappointment will increase self-efficacy more compared to easy tasks, tasks carried out with external aid, or projects in which repeated failures are seen early in the learning process. Vicarious experiences are sources of efficacy data derived through observing or imagining others engaging in the job to be done.Seeing similar others perform successfully can raise efficacy expectations, especially when the individual perceives similarities with the model in terms of capabilities or personal characteristics (Gould Weiss, 1981; McAuley, 1985). Persuasion is widely used by teachers and coaches in order to motivate people to think that they possess capabilities that will enable them to reach their goal (Gould, Hodge, Peterson, Giannini, 1989). Examples are verbal persuasion, self-talk, imagery, and other cognitive strategies. These techniques are effective when the heightened appraisal is within realistic bounds. Furthermore, persuasion determine by the believability, reputation, reliability, and knowledge of the inducer.Ultimately, one’s physiological state can provide efficacy information through cognitive evaluation of the arousal states. When an increase in arousal is interpreted as an inability to hold away the tasks successfully, efficacy expectations will fall. However, when the individual interprets arousal as being psyched up and quick to perform, efficacy expectations will increase (Bandura, 1986). When discussing efficacy expectations, it is significant to differentiate between personal efficacy and response-outcome expectations (Bandura, 1997).Self-efficacy is a mind of one’s ability to perform at a certain stage, whereas outcome expectancy pertains to one’s judgement that certain behaviors will lead to desired results.For example, one may think that running a marathon in less than two hours will guide to social appreciation, cash, and self-satisfaction (outcome belief), but may uncertainty whether he can actually run that fast (efficacy belief).Bandura (1986) argues that self-efficacy beliefs predict performance better than expected results. Competitive State Anxiety Competitive sport anxiety is very usual in young athletes (Wilson, 2008). Anxiety is a pessimistic reaction that happens when individuals doubt their ability to cope with the situation that causes stress (Humara, 1999). Anxiety can delay an athlete’s ability to completely or normally react. According to Wilson (2008), increased pressure and stress can build up intoanxiety and affect a child’s manners and performance in a sport. Research has identified several possible causes of competitive anxiety. Anshel andDelany (2001) evaluated youth sports competitors, male and female, where the participants evaluated a list of potential origins of intense stress and anxiousness. The results indicated that the intense pressure of the sport, over competitiveness, and negative response increased stress for both males and females (Anshel Delany, 2001). A similar study by Peden (2007) explained that when a player becomes more and more uneasy in some positions due to the surroundings, negative automatic thoughts become more numerous and more negative, which can dominate thinking, wipe out confidence, and harm performance. There is a huge deal of learned inquiry into figuring out approaches that can be used for handling performance anxiety in athletes (Humara, 1999). Specific ways such as relaxation, cognitive restructuring, (Humara, 1999), and positive self-talk method (Peden, 2007) will be discussed in the Implications sections of this study. Multidimensional Anxiety Theory Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, and Smith (1990) produced the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory (MAT), which concentratesspecifically on competitive sport anxiety. This particular theory expresses that competitive anxiety is consists of two anxiety state components: cognitive state anxiety and somatic state anxiety.Cognitive state anxiety is set like a fleeting condition of anxiety that contains of worry or an individual’s negative belief or worries about performance, as well as concentrationtrouble and lack of assiduity.Somatic state anxiety can be defined as a fleeting condition of anxiety that contains psychological response symptoms that pass in the soul.Symptoms of somatic state anxiety include extreme sweating, increased heart rate, wobbly, or tension (Martens et al., 1990). According to Martens and researchers (1990), somatic state anxiety may be categorized out as a vulgar reaction to opposition and can result in absolutely no needed problems to perform.However, a growth in cognitive state anxiety in an athlete can make awareness and concentration dysfunction and a mental growth process of worry and self-doubt.An absence of awareness and focus while taking part in sports can harmfully have an effect on entire performance. Possiblesituations of cognitive state anxiety are negative verbal feedback, insufficient of preparedness for competition, a bad attitude or mindset towards a past poor performance, or negative prospective of other individuals for example team members, family members, and coaches (Marten et al., 1990). Anxiety negatively affects an individual’s psychological and physical capabilities to accomplish (Hardy, 1996).A negative effect of competitive sport anxiety is distress (Selye, 1987).Distress happens when an individual is actually up against objectives that may happen in an improvement process of demand, and needs coping management, and reoccurring issue or difficulty with young athletes because of their lack of abilities, several overall performance mistakes, or failure to create away with tense circumstances (Peden, 2007). As an effect of enduring competitive anxiety resulting in burnout and other mental and physiological problems, drawback from the sport can become a standard escape for young and adolescents. Multidimensional Anxiety Theory shows that in relation to performance, cognitive anxiety knowledgeable within an individual will illustrate a negative linear relationship and somatic anxiety will prove and inverted ‘U’ relationship (Martens et al., 1990).The inverted ‘U’ relationship describes that in an individual’s somatic state, procedure should be bad at very low levels of somatic state anxiety, maximum at an advanced level of somatic state anxiety, and then become more and more worse as somatic anxiety increases past the optimal level (Perreault Marisi, 1997). The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) is a study based on the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory build to measure competitive state anxiety (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, and Smith, 1990).The CSAI-2 investigates the present state of competitive anxiety of an athlete by calculating current anxiety states of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence in athletes just before to competition (Martens et al., 1990).The CSAI-2 offered as the major instrumentation used for this questions. Past research are delivered to check out the estimations of the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory applying the CSAI-2 in addition to several revised types of the instrument.Chamberlain and Hale (2007) examined relationships between the amount as well as directional areas of competitive sport anxiety. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2D (direction) was useful to assess the state anxiety intensity and direction of 12 experienced, basic male golfers starting in age from 20-22 years.The CSAI-2D is equal to the initial CSAI-2 apart from the seven-level degree which usually assess path.In parliamentary law to appraise both the negative linear and inverted ‘U’ relationship described in the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory, anxiety and performance rating from similar positioning duties carried out under three different anxiety-manipulated competitive conditions were utilized.Solutions suggested that cognitive anxiety intensity proven a poor linear relationship with performan ce and somatic anxiety intensity displaying a curvilinear relationship with performance.Multiple regression examinessuggested that course, which paid for 42% of the deviation, was an even better predictor of overall performance than intensity, which accounted for only 22% of the deviation. Findings decided with the original MAT hypothesis (Chamberlain Hale, 2007). The modified inventory contained of the three pre-existing subscales of the CSAI-2 (cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence) but as an alternative of 9 items per scale it comprises of five items per subscale, ensuing in a 15-item scale.Researchers finished a confirmatory aspectevaluation of the CSAI-2C to assess the level to which the three-dimension model of competitive anxiety composed from the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory backed with regards to other designs (Stadulis et al., 2002).After evaluating 632 children ages 8-12 years old, internal consistency coefficients (i.e., Cronbach’s Alpha) for the three subscales were: Cognitive anxiety state, ÃŽ ±=.75; Somatic anxiety state, ÃŽ ± =.78; and state self-confidence, ÃŽ ± =.73. The entiretool internals consistency deducted in a value in.96 (Stadulis et al., 2002). Summary of the Chapter Professional football players as we know are elite football players that involves in a high level of sport competition. Sports offer players with organizations and programs from which they can help through skill development and enhanced self-confidence. Unfortunately, some professional players experience competitive sport anxiety, which can negatively affect their performance. Competitive sport anxiety can make athletes to lose focus, worry, and become anxious towards competition. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-confidence and competitive sport anxiety on Johor professional football players. This research can be helpful to coaches and officers of the professional football teams because it can detect the level of anxiety among players and if it related to self-confidence. The information may support coaches and officers of the professional football teams to take precautions such as modifying training programs and techniques, or coaching education on ways to help lower or prevent sport performance anxiety in professional football players.

IMP 1 POW 14: Mega Pow :: essays research papers

Mega POW A very wealthy king has 8 bags of gold, which he trusts to some of his caretakers. All the bags have equal weight and contain the same amount of gold, all the gold in the kingdom. Although, the king heard a story that a woman received a gold coin. The king knew it had to be his gold so he wanted to find the lightest bag in the 3 weighing, but the mathematician thought it could be done in less, so I need to find out the least amount of weighing it takes to find the lightest bag. Also, the king used a pan balance for all of his weighing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I started by weighing 4 bags on each side of the scale to see which side was lighter. Then from those results I thought to weigh the 4 bags that were on the lighter side by 2 and 2. After this you would find one side weighing less than another. Then you would take those results and weigh the 2 remaining bags and the lightest bag would be the bag that was taken from. However, the mathematician said it could be done in less than three steps. So throwing the answer I had just gotten to the side, I started new. This time I started with 3 bags on each side knowing that if two sides were equal than the bag with the missing gold would be one of the bags not weighed the first time. Then you would have to weigh the two remaining bags and whichever one was lighter than the other would be the bag with less gold. But, if the 3 bags from the beginning weighed different then you would weigh 2 bags of the 3 and if they are equal in weight than the 3rd bag is the one with less co ins. If they weigh different the lighter bag would be the one with less coins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The least amount of times of weighing you need to do in order to find the bag with missing gold is 2 because any-other way of problem solving this question would get you 3 or more. I know this because I tried every different possibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another way of practicing this problem solving skill is to have a similar situation but with more bags of gold, maybe even with an odd number of bags with different objects in them.

Essays --

Trade-studies are used to figure out the best possible approach. Trade studies functions includes improving a particular aspect of the system design to figure out the best approach to be used given a well-defined set of technical choices and parameters [1]. The inputs of the trade study are the DDP of competing technical solutions or just one widely variable solution. These inputs can consist of models of those technical solutions, the stakeholder’s priority ranked operational requirements, system life-cycle considerations, and other data. The output of a trade-study is a decision on which technical route to follow based on the desired characteristics of the system within the alternatives being studied. The trade-study will also document the justification of the decision. The goal of this section is to explain the process that provides the trade study its justifying power, a little more detail on those inputs and outputs, when and how many trade studies are conducted, what t he sensitivity analyses are, and how alternatives are analyzed are related to trade-studies. AoA and trade-st...

Research Paper - Class Size -- essays papers

Research Paper - Class Size Class size is a very popular topic that is greatly research through out educational settings. Class size deals with how many students are in the classroom at once. Class size can vary greatly. It can depended on the location of the school, where the more rural areas have only one high school while in a city environment there could be twenty-three high schools in one area. Location also depends on the amount of population in that area. Class size also can depend on the level of schooling. Such as in a major university there could be two hundred students in one class, while in a local elementary school there is only eighteen students in one class. Class size can depend on what kind of class is being taught. In physical education, classes could be fitted together to make enough equal time for all students to attended physical education that day. Many researches have been performed to see the effect of class size has on many different aspects of education. Some of the aspects of educatio n that researchers study the effect of class size on were academic achievement, discipline, teacher morale, student motivation, class involvement, and the way the information is presented to the students. The researchers try out different size classes and use one variable that stays the same such as discipline. The researchers then can see the positive and negative effects of each class size. Then the researchers can make a theory about what those have found. The researchers have done many studies on each of these aspects of education and many other aspects of education. The main aspect of education that the researchers like to perform studies on is relating class size and its effects on academic achievement. Academ... ...dent sand parents want the best they should attended a class size that is small, because research as shown that the smaller the class is, the better the student will do. Bibliography Biddle, B., & Berliner, D. (2002). Small Class Size and Its Effects. Educational Leadership, 59 (5), 12-20. Finn, J. (2002). Small Classes in American Schools: Research, Practice, and Politics. Mid-Western Educational Research, 15 (1), 19-25. Lesser, D., & Ferrand, J. (2000). Effect of Class Size, Grades Given, and Academic Field on Student Opinion of Instruction. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 24 (4), 269- 277. Mueller, D., & Chase, C. (1988). Effects of Reduced Class Size in Primary Classes. Educational Leadership, 45 (5), 48-51. Vedder, R. (1988). School Productivity, Class Size, and Choice. Updating School Board Policies, 19 (11), 574-576.

Analyzing Itten’s Color Theory in Painting

This essay concentrates on the topic about the seven color contrast which is drawn by a great Swiss expressionist painter named Johannes Itten. Thus, this paper would also render definite attention in analyzing and assessing the use of color in two different paintings which are made by two respective artists, through the use of the said seven color contrast done by Johannes Itten. The paper holds on to the purpose of comparing and contrasting the particular usage of color in the paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci (Virgin of the Rocks) and Jan van Eyck (The Arnolfini Portrait) by means of utilizing the color theory of Itten. The following would be discussed: †¢ Understanding Leonardo Da Vinci’s Virgin of the Rocks †¢ Discussion on Jan van Eyk’s The Arnolfini Portrait †¢ The Virgin Rock and The Arnolfini Portrait At the end of the paper, this would render definite information that would accordingly differentiate Leonardo Da Vinci’s (Virgin of the Rocks) and Jan van Eyck’s (The Arnolfini Portrait) in terms of utilizing colors in their paintings. Understanding Da Vinci’s The Virgin of the Rocks. Leonardo Da Vinci, as one of the great painters in the ancient history of painting, uses an approach and strategy in using color for the â€Å"Virgin of the Rocks† and/or sometimes referred to as â€Å"Madonna of the Rocks† which depicts the same characteristics of contrast between the light and dark.. Hence, as observable and evident in his painting, Leonardo Da Vinci’s primary use of color is set to provide a picture of artistic combination between the light and dark colors. Just like many great painters in his time, Da Vinci’s use of color in his painting is regarded to be monochromatic, wherein he mostly utilized various darker shades, grayer tones, and paler tints that render great detail distinguishing between the light and black. In the said painting, Da Vinci’s usage of light color is specifically situated in providing lucid details of the face and position of the objects and the surroundings that clearly reveals the shade of light and dark colors in the rocks. In other words, Leonardo Da Vinci’s basic usage of light and dark colors in the painting is his own approach in depicting the proper presentation of the effects of lighting in providing clarity and emotion to the visual. Thus, through this comprehensive observation, it can be said that Da Vinci’s use of color in â€Å"Virgin of the Rocks† falls under the category of â€Å"contrast of light and dark† and â€Å"contrast of saturation† in Itten’s seven color contrasts as his painting is mainly composed of light and dark colors which are accordingly and subtly used to signify single depiction. Discussion on Jan van Eyk’s The Arnolfini Portrait As per the painting and work of Jan van Eyck’s entitled â€Å"The Arnolfini Portrait,† which is also referred to as â€Å"The Arnolfini Wedding† and â€Å"The Arnolfini Marriage,† the primary stance and use of color portrays a relative significance and value in composition of the painting. Unlike Leonardo Da Vinci’s â€Å"Virgin on the Rocks,† where he mainly utilized light and dark colors, which resulted to a monochromatic painting, Jan van Eyck’s composition â€Å"The Arnolfini Portrait† is fundamentally filled with bright and glowing colors, which carry a single goal of depicting the wealthy lifestyle of â€Å"Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini,† the man who is with his wife in the painting. Jan van Eyck’s primary use of color in the said painting is set to depict life and draw a picture of realism. Thus, van Eyck’s has used different radiant colors to present and improve the accuracy of life and actual picture and fine details of the living room where Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife are standing. In addition this, through the use of radiant and lively colors, Jan van Eyck is able to render definite details in the painting such as the shadow of Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife and the shade of light that comes from the window. The use of bright colors also provides details on the lighting and the ray of light coming from the outside, which passes through the window that reflects on the half part of the chandelier and through the face of Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife. Thus, Jan van Eyck’s use of color for this painting is categorized as the contrast of complements. Virgin of the Rocks and The Arnolfini Portrait Through a thorough analysis and assessment of the two paintings, it is said that there are evident and observable similarities and differences in terms of the use of color. As per the similarities of the two paintings, it is evident that both of the painters, Leonardo Da Vinci and Jan van Eyck, have utilized colors in such a way that it supports their goal of depicting realism and presence of life in their objects in the painting. Thus, the two artist and their paintings are also equipped with the most suitable colors in establishing the presence of lighting and/or the source of luminosity in order to further highlight realism and life. In a sense, it can be said that the paintings and masterpieces of the two artists differ from each other in terms of their specific usage of certain types of colors. In constrast to the painting of Leonardo Da Vinci’s â€Å"Virgin of the Rocks,† Jan van Eyck has utilized mostly radiant and glowing type of colors to be able to highlight realism and enhance the genuine picture of life in Arnolfini’s wealthy life and the beauty of their living room together with his wife. Leonardo Da Vinci, on the other hand, has mainly utilized a combination of light and dark colors to present life and provide details of lighting in his painting, which render and draw the appropriate emotions of the image. In the end, it can be said that the classical paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci and Jan van Eyck, which are entitled â€Å"Virgin of the Rock† and â€Å"The Arnolfini Portrait† are identical in such a way that these two artist have used colors to be able to achieve their main artistic goals, which is that of depicting realism and putting more life into their works. Hence, the two paintings only differ from each other in terms of the particular colors that they use in its composition. As Leonarod Da Vinci has utilized more of the light and dark types of colors, Jan van Eyck has used mostly radiant and lustrous combinations of hues to enhance the quality of his painting and provide for the lively features of his depiction on the life Giovanni Arnolfini. Work Cited Itten's Color Contrasts. Creative Commons License. Viewed 12 March 2009 ;http://www.worqx.com/color/itten.htm;

Evans Heather Hbs

What are the key factors for the success of this business? Answer No 1: Heather Evans, a Harvard Business School graduate, had major interest in the fashion industry; as she had some background in the same industry, where she worked as a financial analyst at â€Å"Morgan Stanley' and as an assistant to a designer clothing firm. Because of the experience gained, she was sure and truly convinced that she could run a dress company.The main aim of heather Evans was to create a company that design clothing line for professional women who better fits their life-style, Its focus was to ell high-priced, high-quality dress-and- Jacket combinations for women, ages 27 to 45. Heather Evans has accomplished what she dreamt of, heather Evans label Is now serving accessories, leisure clothing, and office-wear for a different, wider customer group, and all at low-price. Few factors were very Important that lead Heather towards accomplishment. When she started her business It was an unmet and fast g rowing market. He recognized the need for a new look for professional women. She knew very well, the needs of those business women which she was targeting. She had an understanding of the appropriate limits in the formal office environments. She used her experience to encourage her customers. Another eve important factor was the increasing number of professional women who contributed to both, their own growth and to the growth of the market. She gave her customer choices depending upon their requirements in clothing. Social trends had also changed; more women had inclined towards working in offices.She conceived a style of clothing, based primarily on dresses, which better fitted the life style of professional women. Heather Evans collection contained clothes appropriate for the conservative workplace, unlike other designers. She also gained confidence of the target market through identifying her own background with their lives. She also worked as a model at fords, so she had the ex perience to project herself through the media. Last but not the least competition was also considerably beneficial to Heather Evans.Question No 2: What are the possible risks that you can foresee for Heather Evans? Answer No 2: The possible risks that I can foresee for Heather Even are: 1. Design risk: The risk associated with the design process was that, the design process took 9 months, which was a long period. Which might delay the production process and it might also stuck all the further stages required for the manufacturing of other lines 2. Financial risk: To start a business, it is very necessary to get loans, and getting loans Isn't an easy lob.Arranging loan for a new business Is quite a tough Job. 3. Sales risk: Ms. Evans cannot accurately predict future sales growth further than the Introductory period because people might not Like the design or the quality of the outfit. 4. Inflation risk: With the Increase in inflation, the prices of all the other things associated wit h her business will also rise. Inflation risk Is a major risk for her business that can affect her pricing strategy. 5. Liquidity Risk: The risk of ululation of the company Is also present, where she can lose more than what she has Invested. 6.Environment uncertainty risk: Changes In the general trend and reduction In the number of business women can affect the company's revenue. 7. Seasonal risk: Because of the season collection, seen NAS nylon rills escalated Walt near Dustless, Owe to ten season hang, she has less time to sell her clothes and when the season is about to end she would have to start the clearance sale which will reduce her profit. 8. Market risk: Any change in trend cab cause problems for the business of heather Evans, as her business is based on fashion industry, and she designs clothes keeping in mind the current trends.And the presence of competitors following the same strategy can also cause trouble for her. Strengths. W. O. T. Passion – a prerequisite f or any successful entrepreneur. Education – strong Harvard education as well as experience in industry. Successful first year – nothing better for an investor than a product that is already successful and already has orders for the next season. Investors have reinvested the profits, showing support of the company S. Weaknesses. O. T. Business plan – simply doubling the numbers is not sufficient. Bank financing and personally guaranteeing loans may cause desperate situation.Rushing the design process may cause quality of clothes to deteriorate. By not sharing work load, causes doubt as to whether company is scalable. S. W. Opportunities. T. Much market attention and future sales. High demand offers possibility of expansion With all the cash flow from sales/reinvestment, opportunity to grow. Investors pushing for new hires, opportunity to ask for more investment. S. W. O. Threat. Fashion industry is fickle, what is â€Å"in† one year may not be the next. Lo w entry barriers to enter the fashion industry. Would you be on her board and what advice would you give her?Team Platy would choose not to be on Heather Evans' board. Before accepting her offer, we would ask her to please let go some control of the company. Her micromanagement may make ere comfortable with the quality of the product but would hinder the scalability of it. If she feels is comfortable with delegating some work, she can focus on growing the company. Will the second line be as successful or more successful than the first? It is impossible to tell with certainty whether the second line will be as/more/less successful than the first because the nature of the fashion industry.However, it can be inferred that because of the hastened design planning, the product may not be as fashionable as the first line. Even with a successful first line in the department store, he clothes will not sell as well if they are not fashionable. What is section 1244 stock and why have it? Secti on 1244 stock allows losses from the sale of shares of small domestic corporations to be deducted as ordinary losses instead of as capital losses to a maximum of 50,000 for individual tax returns and 100,000 for Joint returns. This would be useful as it could reduce the tax liabilities of the company.How important is networking and why? In business, networking is infinitely important. Nothing is out of your reach if you nave developed a strong network AT Eternal, colleagues, Ana Dustless partners. Everyone has their own network they have built up over the years that you cannot even imagine. Then by what many call â€Å"chance† or â€Å"luck† you get connected to someone you have been looking for or a Job offer or recommendation you have been trying to get. In this case specifically, it would benefit Heather because she does not have any of the top As.Networking will give her a support system of allies as well as grow her knowledge of the industry. She will soon find ou t that fashion is about headlines and if you don't have the capital to buy the headlines, you have to know somebody who does. How important was the business plan? The business plan is important when used in appropriate situations, such as fleshing out the idea. More important is the feasible study done in order to complete a high quality business plan. In Heather's case, it is important she not feel tied down to her original business plan.Was Heather successful? Depending on how â€Å"successful† is defined, Team Platy would say that Heather was not yet successful. Although she proved she can handle the industry with a profitable year, it depends on what she does with her accomplishment before she can be defined as successful Ninny Eyeless ) Heather Evans is a smart, hard-working individual with a great business sense, and she has a keen understanding of the fashion industry from working as a model and as an assistant to the president of a woman's clothing company.Combining t hese talents, Heather Evans was able to spot an undeserved market estimated at $5 billion annually with significant growth prospects. Subsequently, Heather Evans is hoping to raise enough capital to launch a line of clothing to serve the 4. 3 million women in a professional environments who would be primes candidates for a fashion label that is both functional and stylish. While Heather Evans has a great idea, there is a significant amount of work to be done before she can get her company off the ground.Heather Evans has been bootstrapping the business so far but desperately wants to take the company to the next level. In order to get the first collection out of the door, she needs to find investors to finance her operations. Subsequently the most important task she is faced with is reviewing the various financing options that are available and deciding on an option that is suitable for her specific company at its current stage. Concurrently, Heather Evans needs to assemble he key m embers of the management team to assist in guiding the company through its infancy.Fortunately, Heather Evans has a strong network from business school and colleagues from the investment banking and fashion industry which should serve to provide a pool of individuals whom she can select from that share the same vision and passion for her business. The overall concept of the business is straight forward. Heather Evans' company plans to offer a â€Å"designer† line to fit the life-style of professional women. However, accomplishing a successful launch of this type of venture Is dependent upon several Key Doctors. Hrs an

Chapter Ii: Review of Related Literature

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature History of School Papers In the public high schools in the City of Manila, school newspapers were published as early as 1930, although records show that The Coconut, a mimeographed copy and edited by Carlos P. Romulo came out in the school year 1911-1912. For several years some big schools in the public schools in Manila had one newspaper, the first three pages of which were devoted to English and the remaining pages to Filipino. It was only in 1960 when some big schools published separate issues in English and in Filipino.In 1952, formal instructions in high school journalism began. That was the time when Mrs. Sarah England, an American teacher of Mapa High School, experimented on the teaching of journalism. The experiment proved so successful that other four existing high schools followed suit. These schools formally offered journalism as a vocational subject holding classes on a daily double period throughout the school year. Since then, jo urnalism has been under the supervision of English supervisors, but grades were considered as vocational subjects. History of School Newspapers in the PhilippinesAccording to Jesus Valenzuela in the History of Journalism in the Philippine Islands (1933) and John Lent in the Philippine Mass Communication (1964), the history of campus journalism in the Philippines started when the University of Santo Tomas published El Liliputiense in 1890. However, Oscar Manalo, NarcisoMatienzo, and VirgilioMonteloyola in AngPamahayagan (1985) argued that the history of campus journalism in the country started when the University of the Philippines published The College Folio, now The Philippine Collegian, in 1910.They also added that The Torch of the Philippine Normal University, The Guidon of the Ateneo de Manila University, and The Varsitarian of the University of Santo Tomas were also published two years later. Whatever came first, Carlos Romulo y Pena edited The Coconut, the official student pub lication of the Manila High School, now the Araullo High School. It was published in 1912 and it is now considered the first and oldest high school newspaper in the country. In 1923, La Union High School in the Ilocos Region published The La Union Tab, the first printed and regularly issued high school newspaper in the country.Since then, high school newspapers came out one after the other. Among these high school newspapers were The Pampangan, Pampanga High School, 1925; The Leytean, Leyte High School, 1925; The Rizalian, Rizal High School, 1926; The Coconut, Tayabas High School, 1927; The Volcano, Batangas High School, 1927; The Toil, La Union Trade School, 1928; The Samarinian, Samar High School, 1928; The Melting Pot, Tarlac High School, 1929; The Granary, Nueva Ecija High School, 1929; The Torres Torch, Torres High School, 1930; and The Cagayan Student Chronicle, Cagayan High School, 1931.In 1931, 30 out of 106 high schools in the country had campus newspapers registered at the Bureau of Public Schools. In 1950, this number increased to 169; by 1954, to 253; by 1975, to 500; and by 1986, to more than 900 newspapers in English and in Filipino (Escote, A. 2008). Functions of School Papers Journalism is an academic discourse guaranteed by Republic Act No. 7079, also known as the Campus Journalism Act of 1991, which protects freedom of the press at the campus level and promotes the growth and development of campus journalism as a means of developing moral character, encouraging critical thinking, and strengthening ethical values.Journalism, the art and science of writing for newspapers, periodicals, radio, television, and online publications, enfolds timely and factual reports of unusual or unexpected events, opinions, or situations that affect man and his environment. These reports are gathered, evaluated, and published, broadcasted, or posted on the Web to inform, to entertain, or to influence a large number of readers. The School Paper Advisers According t o Binoya (1999), a school paper adviser has his own mission.The effective and efficient management of a school paper is measured not solely or the merit of a written master plan that predetermines a course of action to be pursued for optimum results. It should likewise place a high premium on how the adviser assumes the role as a mentor to budding journalists. Mentoring is a challenging endeavor that is truly regarding to both the teacher and the student. The mentor finds fulfillment in discovery and development an eager learner and potential champion.A disgruntled and inept adviser is the primary source of disenchantment among young workers. Campus journalist to succeed in their craft need to find an adviser who is determined to make jobs to make his work a happy growing experience. School paper advising is a real challenge where problems encountered every adviser must be handed systematically, various local studies were presented such as Tanodra(1992) revealed in her study that th e greatest number of high school paper advisers in Metro Manila ere not adequately prepared and trained in information disseminating work.She further revealed that because of their paper advisers’ encountered problems with their students’ staff, their fellow teachers and school administrator or principal. Binoya (1999) indicates that the adviser’s number one mission is to inspire young writers to give the school publication their best effort. These could be realized by pursuing these goals. 1. Make school paper advising a more challenging task and perform the job at high level of excellence. 2. Don’t make our staff for granted. Recognize that work achievement. 3. Consider the staff as a team. Show our concern.Don’t hide the fact that we are as human as the young people we work with. Roles and Responsibilities The following are the duties and responsibilities of the school paper adviser as listed by Binoya (1999): 1. Organize at the beginning of the school year and handle journalism classes with above average intelligence and inclination to writing. 2. Organize the school paper tasks. 3. Undertake the structuring, cleanliness maintenance of the staff room. 4. Administer division test in journalism, correct and report of such tests. 5. Read memoranda, bulletins, circulars, information, etc. or the implementation and dissemination of pertinent ones in the school paper. 6. Attend journalism in-service meetings, seminar-workshops demonstration, lessons, city-wide and regional contests. 7. Prepare daily lesson plans. 8. Prepare journalism exercises and instructional aids materials. 9. Evaluate and record pupil performance in the journalism aids and materials. 10. Train contestants for decision, regional, and national contest in journalism. 11. Set up timetable for the production and distribution of the school paper. 12. Copy read article for the publications. 13.Type corrected articles submitted by the staff members. 14. Work with the staff and layout of the school paper. 15. Submit articles and pictures with the corresponding picture to the printer. 16. Proof-read typeset materials and follow up production of school paper at the press until its completed. 17. Take picture of significant activities in the school and in the community. 18. Accompany the staff members in the survey of the school and community resources and activities in joining journalism contests and conferences, and in going to and from the press and in awarding ceremonies. 9. Prepare with the staff the dummy and headlines of the school paper. 20. Prepare pictures for the publication, cropping, caption writing, indicating printers’ directions. 21. Verify through research and interview facts reported in articles submitted by the staffers. 22. Prepare financial reports on expenditures from paper subscription funds after every issue. 23. Keep and update school morgue and file of exchanges. 24. Prepare financial reports on expenditures from paper subscription funds after every issue. 25.Take charge of and be responsible for all books, property and equipment issued for the use of journalism classes. 26. Keep and update school paper morgue and file exchanges. 27. Execute and submit a clearance form issued by the Journalism and School Paper services at the end of the school year and upon going maternity leave, sabbatical leave, study leave, resignation, retirement, and transfer to other office, school, division or change of assignment. 28. Submit file copies of every issue of the school paper to the office of the Journalism and School Paper Services 29.Executive and submit performance rating together with the worksheet. 30. Exert all effort and implement all possible means to improve instruction, develop right values, and accelerate performance. 31. Any change in assignment, all books and other staff property should be turned over to this new advisers and critic. Incompetence of Newspapers Advisers Pan (1990) has listed down the major characteristics of teacher, Advisers such as: credibility, trustworthiness, and expertise among those that affect the teachers of journalism and advising of school paper.She also mentioned administrative support, lack of facilities and equipment, in teaching load as some of the problems encountered by the teacher adviser. Oliva (1999) mentioned that campus journalism should be included in the public secondary curriculum. He also suggested that school administrators should give their full support in promoting campus journalism because it is where our future writers will get motivated. He also suggested that school paper advisers should start to educate students abut consequence of media and students should realize the importance of responsible journalism.The lack and the needs to have better (trained) advisers Consequently, Roque (1972) stated that the task of putting out a school publication requires not only the ability to write effectively but also the ability to pl an, finance, and manage the campus paper. He believes that one who undertakes the writing of a guide for teaching journalism should include the various details that go into managing a school paper as well as offer helpful editorial tips in ranging from the development of the papers format to writing and illustrating news on feature story.He believes that a good school newspaper of journalism could take up the choice and training of the staff, how to prepare the budget, how to plan and layout, copy read, developing and printing pictures, style books production and relationship between the press and the administration Sicat (1988) believes that responsible leadership is naturally developed among the students as they come to know their duties and responsibilities to themselves and others.He added that like any other teacher in the school, the school paper adviser must know the many behaviors of students in the organization that affect the daily climate He should be the one who helps th e students move toward self-direction. While assisting the needs and problems of the students, good rapport and empathy are stimulating characteristics of a school paper adviser. School newspaper adviser’s attainment and preparation are factors contributive to the acquisition of knowledge and information, development of desirable habits, skills and display of favorable attitudes and appreciation.Complimentary to educational attainment are the fruits of competence and creativity but dedication is one’s commitment. Attitude and values towards work are the story factors on how to measure the performance of a school paper adviser. Important Writing Skills Considering that the teachers plays a vital role in bringing along the language arts to the mind of the learners, the teacher according Vile (2008:1) should involve setting the conditions for learning by understanding how a learner learns.The teacher has to determine the teaching style, the approach to be used, the method and the classroom techniques, procedures and activities to be used in the classroom. The classroom then must create a conducive atmosphere that is geared towards teaching students how to communicate genuinely, spontaneously and meaningfully in the second or foreign language. Thus, implying the use for communicative competence. (Novilen A. Bendebel 1996)Kinsella (1981) stated that the inability to spell correctly and confidently is one of the most serious problems in writing for many people. If language is incorrect, then what is said is not meant. If what is said is not meant, then what ought to be done remains undone (Jean Wrynick, 1986) Velmonte (1980) pointed out to attain success in speaking or writing in any language, one most first have something to say; one has to know how to express what he wants to say correctly and effectively.This ability in correct expression, oral or written, depends upon the development of certain abilities and skills. Lado (1989) stressed that in a d evelopment of oral and unwritten skills, teachers have to steer clear of the tendency to over-emphasize the parts of speech. The ability to speak and understand a language is different from the mouthing of rules and parts of speech. Often those who can use language are unable to recite its rules and to memorize the parts of speech and also those who can recite its rules are unable to se it. Knowledge about the language is not a substitute for language use. The task of the teacher of composition writing is to establish the context for learning. He can do this by exercising control in setting the students’ task, so that the student is free to invent his own ideas, put them into sentences and paragraphs and organize them within a controlled situation. Whom establishing this context for learning, the teacher must consider. Rizza B. Bagalanon 1999

Death of a Salesman Essay

How effective is the ending? Who do we sympathise with? ‘Death of a Salesman’ is a play based on the examination of American life and the effects of the American Dream. Arthur Miller wrote it in 1948, and shows how life was when living a life based on the American Dream. Willy, a failed salesman spent his life following the American Dream, effecting all of those around him and leading him to suicide. The ending of the play greatly effects the feeling and sympathy given for all of the characters. It is a very effective way of ending the play, as the last  scenes seem to link very well to show Willy’s funeral. It allows the characters true feelings to be shown, and the full extent of the American dream is revealed. The ending of the play shows the true feelings and actions of the characters, in particular Happy. Happy shows his true feelings towards his father and his life; throughout the play this has not been very well shown and Happy has been left a mysterious character. That is until the Requiem, at this point Happy shows his belief in his father and how much he truly looked up to him, â€Å"He had no right to do that. There was no necessity for it. We would’ve helped him. † Of the two brothers Happy still believes in the American dream, and has fallen for its poor existence. He still supports it after seeing what has happened to his father and the life he has lived. This is shown at the very end of the play, † I’m not licked that easily. I’m staying right in this city, and I’m gonna beat this racket! † I think Happy believes that he owes it to his father to follow in his footsteps, so that he has at least one successful son. Happy spent his life trying to prove himself to his father and mother, as no attention was paid to him,†Happy: I’m gonna get married, Mom. I wanted to tell you. Linda: Go to sleep, dear. Happy (going): I just wanted to tell you. † At the beginning of the play Happy tends to fight for the attention of his parents to over come Biff’s success. He is always trying to prove himself and obviously cares for his father. Towards the beginning of the play when Linda and Biff begin to worry about Willy’s mental state Happy always seems to be the one to stand up for him and care, â€Å"He’s going to get his licence taken away if he keeps that up. I’m getting nervous about him, y’know, Biff? â€Å". As the play progress Happy grows as a person. Although it is not very visible Happy does try to keep the family together. As he sees himself as successful in Willy’s eyes he tries to help Biff become successful by setting up a business together, â€Å"Wait! We form two basketball teams, see? Two water-polo teams. We play each other. It’s million dollars’ worth of publicity. Two brothers, see? ‘The Loman Brothers’. Baby, we could sell sporting goods! † This all shows that Willy was wrong about his sons, Happy is the son with the courage and strength to be part of the American dream. He is the son that will follow on from Willy and either be a success or a failure. Within the ending of the play Biff’s true character is also shown. During the play he has a moment of self-realisation, showing him who he really is and how he is living a life of lies. The ending develops this and shows him as who he really is. Just before Willy’s death Biff confronts Willy about everything in his life. Biff tries to explain to Willy about how he is living a lie leading to an argument and a loving moment between the two. This shows how the American Dream truly effect those around Willy and brings the play to a good ending. It shows that although the two men had a moment of forgiveness and happiness together it was still not good enough for Willy. As Biff still had no success and did not wish for it Willy still felt a failure. Willy expected Biff to succeed in many ways, from the beginning of the play this is visible. As a child Biff was popular in school and was succeeding in sport although his school grades were dropping. His popularity is visible within the beginning of the play as Willy looks back on his life, â€Å"Biff [goes through the wall-line of kitchen to doorway at the back and calls down]: Fellas! Everybody sweep out the furnace room! I’ll be right down! Voices: All right! Okay, Biff. Biff: George and Sam and Frank, come out back! We’re hangin’ up the wash! Come on, Hap, on the double! † Willy seemed to care more about Biff’s popularity and friends rather than his success in school. This is the influence of the American Dream upon Willy’s life and family. As Biff grows older this still seems to be the case, although Willy also seems to expect Biff to be earning a lot of money. This is Willy’s idea of success; it is more materialistic rather than personal goals. During the end of the play Biff makes a number of short speeches full of his thoughts and feelings. I think this is very effective for the end of the play as it shows emotion in a different way. An example of one of the speeches is, â€Å"Pop, get this now, will you? Every time I’ve left it’s been a fight that sent me out of here. Today I realised some thing about myself and I tried to explain it to you and I – I think I’m just not smart enough to make any sense out of it for you. To hell with those whose fault it is or anything like that. † This shows how Biff feels about himself and his father; it is the beginning of the argument and shows great feeling. The very end of the play is shown as Willy’s funeral, it is very small and consists of only 5 or 6 people. This is very much different to what Willy expected, he hoped for a large funeral with every one he had ever known or met. These expectations were all due to the falsity of the American Dream and the funeral shows this in many ways. It is a very effective ending as  the funeral puts life in prospective for the others and shows their true character. It shows that Biff really cared for his father, as he paid little notice to the amount of people there, he did not need to be impressed with popularity. Where as Happy was concerned about the funeral and still believed in his fathers dream, â€Å"I’m gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream. It’s the only dream you can have – to come out number – one-man. † There are three other main characters within the play that show the contrasts and other parts of the harsh reality of the American dream. Howard is Willy’s boss; he cares for money and not people and is also very fascinated with technology. He shows the growing business world and the effects of the American Dream as a truly successful man. His fascination with technology tends to over power his care for people. For example Howard has purchased a Dictaphone and is showing it to Willy whilst he is trying to talk, â€Å"Willy: It certainly is a – Howard: Sh, for God’s sake! His Son: ‘It’s nine o’clock, Bulova watch time. So I have to go to sleep. ‘