Components of Knowledge Systems

Components of a Knowledge Management System A Knowledge Management System (KMS) refers to either a technology-based or non-technical interconnected group of functions that have behaviour that enables or facilitates either (or a combination of) the discovery, capture, integration, sharing or delivery of the knowledge required by an organisation to meet its objectives. It can comprise a part of a Knowledge Management initiative or strategy to improve the utility of an organisation’s intellectual capital. A knowledge management system is inherently a soft open system. This means that boundaries are permeable and difficult to position.What may be useful to one person in one part of an organisation may be useless to someone else in another department. Any knowledge management initiative must therefore establish clear achievable goals that deliver benefits to the organisation, or a sub-set of the organisation, and take into account user and stakeholder requirements. The key principl e is that it must be useful and solve a problem. A successful knowledge management system is founded on a clear understanding of: ? ? ? ? ? what the organisation considers to be organisational knowledge; what the organisation’s knowledge goals are; here knowledge resides in an organisation, and its form; what knowledge components must be managed; and finally the absolutely central role of people in any system. The essential components of a Knowledge Management System can be seen in the model at Figure 1. Figure 1. Components of a Knowledge Management System The following table describes the components of a KMS. Component Description 1. Strategy A KMS should be part of a strategy that identifies the key needs and issues within the organisation, and provide a framework for addressing these. 1. 1. ProblemA problem or opportunity facing the organisation needs to exist. W hat particular worldview justifies the existence of a KM system? (What point of view makes this system meaning ful? ) 1. 2. Purpose / objective A KMS should have an explicit Knowledge Management objective of some type such as collaboration, sharing good practice or the like. 1. 3. Policy Any KMS should be linked to an organisational policy 1. 4. Governance Any KMS must be managed properly and a governance framework that articulates roles and responsibilities is a necessary part of a KMS. 1. 5. CultureThe culture, values and beliefs of the people within an organisation affects the way in which they may be receptive to a KMS. 1. 6. Risk W hat are the risks within an organisation to the success of a KMS? 2. Actors People are central to any KMS and there are different participants with differing backgrounds and experiences. There are a number of roles to carry out a range of activities involved in an effective KMS. 2. 1. Owner W ho owns the business process and has the authority to abolish this system or change its measures of performance? 2. 2. Source W ho/what currently holds the knowledge and where does it reside? . 3. Clients W ho are the beneficiaries of this particular system? (Who would benefit or suffer from its operations? ) 2. 4. Managers W ho is responsible for implementing this system? (Who would carry out the activities which make this system work? ) 2. 5. Enablers W ho else needs to be involved to make the knowledge system work such as IT administrators or HR support staff 2. 6. Boundary Spanners Those people who connect workgroups in the organisaiton 3. Infrastructure Most KMSs will require some form of infrastructure to enable the system to function. 3. 1. FacilitiesW hat facilities are required to support the KMS function? 3. 2. Equipment W hat equipment is required to enable the KMS to function effectively? 3. 3. Repositories W here will the KMS store any information or knowledge? 3. 4. Instruments There may be a series of instruments, tools or templates required to support the capture, creation and sharing of the corporate knowledge . This might also inc lude directories, taxonomies or ontologies. 3. 5. Software Any software solutions that enable or comprise the KMS 3. 6. Networks The social or electronic networks that enable a KMS . 7. Hardware Is there are requirement for any additional hardware 4. Functionality KMSs are developed to support and enhance knowledge-intensive processes, tasks or projects of e. g. , creation, construction, identification, capturing, acquisition, selection, valuation, organization, linking, structuring, formalization, visualization, transfer, distribution, retention, maintenance, refinement, revision, evolution, accessing, retrieval and last but not least the application of knowledge, also called the knowledge life cycle. 4. 1. LogicA KMS may be based on some underpinning logic or conept 4. 2. Business rules Any system requires business rules to control the operation of the system. 4. 3. Transformation W hat transformation does this system bring about? (What are the inputs and what transformation do th ey go through to become the outputs? ). There should be an transformation mode identified: Socialisation – Transfer / sharing Externalisation – Knowledge capture Combination – Business Intelligence Internalisation – Knowledge Delivery 4. 4. Integration Does the KMS need to integrate with any other system? 4. 5. TailoringA KMS should sense the response of the client to the user of the KMS and preferably be able to adjust the mode, complexity, order and extent of the interaction being experienced by the client. 4. 6. Administration W hat administration is required in order to support the KMS? 4. 7. Reporting W hat reporting is required to support the management of the KMS? 4. 8. Procedures W hat processes need to be documented into procedures to be able to apply appropriate controls and guidance to support the KMS? 4. 9. Content Management W hat content management functionality is required to support the management of the KMS? 5.Delivery 5. 1. Mode Any KMS requires the delivery or facilitation of knowledge or a knowledge management service. Synchronous Technique – Same Time, Same Place Asynchronous Technique (AT) – Different Time, Same Place Distributed Synchronous Collaboration (DSC) – Same Time, Different Place Distributed Asynchronous Collaboration (DAC) – Different Time, Different Place 5. 2. Facilitation A KMS must have an interface where people interact with the system. This could be a facilitator or utilise technology via Visual, Audio or Experiential/tactile modes to facilitate the interaction of the user/client with the system. . 3. Style The effectiveness of a KMS can be enhanced through the adoption of a style that is consistent with the culture of an organisation. Style sends important messages to a client about the KMS. 5. 4. Techniques Delivery of a KMS may require the application of skills and techniques in order to be successful. 5. 5. Access Control A KMS should identify and target clients to enable appropriate personnel and lock out inappropriate personnel. 5. 6. Accessibility A KMS needs to be accessible to people with physical restrictions or a disability 5. 7. PersonalisationA KMS should be able to be personalised to suit the client 6. Content Some KMS will hold content to enable the system to function. 6. 1. Lifespan Content may be static, dynamic or compiled on the fly (mash-up) 6. 2. Authoring The content within a KMS needs to be effectively authored/prepared in a form that is usable to the client 6. 3. Publishing A publishing process and model needs to be in place to authorise and control release of content 6. 4. Validation and referencing of Source Content needs to be obtained from authentic sources and the sources need to be identified and verifiable. 6. 5.Stewardship of the content Ownership/stewardship of the content is important as a management process to ensure the effective delivery and utilisation of the KMS 6. 6. Review and update Any content held by a KMS should be subject to a review and update protocol. 6. 7. Security Any classified content held by a KMS must be adequately protected. 6. 8. Taxonomy Content held by a KMS may need to be sorted into an appropriate structure to enable easy discovery and use. 6. 9. Catalogue Any content held by a KMS may require cataloguing in order to better manage the information. 6. 10. Version ControlAny content held by a KMS should be subject to version control. 6. 11. Disposal Any content held by a KMS that is no longer relevant or valued should be disposed of. 7. Continuous improvement A KMS should be regularly reviewed to ensure that it is meeting the objectives identified in the strategy and requirements. 7. 1. Feedback Feedback on the utility of a KMS is important to identify issues that need to be addressed. 7. 2. Performance management A Performance Management sub-system should include: Indicators, Levels/Measures, a collection process, analysis and reporting. 7. 3. Review and AuditThi rd party review or audit of the effectiveness of a KMS may be appropriate. 7. 4. Benefits Realisation Management of the KMS is required in order to ensure that the benefits are being realised and the organisation is achieving the objectives it set out to meet in the development and implementation of the KMS. References and Further Reading Durant-Law, G. , The Essential Components of a Knowledge Management System | Knowledge Matters. Available at: http://www. durantlaw. info/essential-components-of–knowledgemanagement-system Langton, N & Robbins, S. (2006). Organizational Behaviour (Fourth Canadian Edition).Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Prentice Hall. Maier, R (2007): Knowledge Management Systems: Information And Communication Technologies for Knowledge Management. 3rd edition, Berlin: Springer. Shelley, A, The Organizational Zoo – Resources. Available at: http://www. organizationalzoo. com/resources Snowden, D, Cognitive Edge. Available at: http://www. cognitiveedge. com/b logs/dave/2009/09/defining_km. php Standards Australia, AS 5037-2005 Knowledge management – a guide Tiwana, A. , 1999. Knowledge Management Toolkit, The: Practical Techniques for Building a Knowledge Management System, Pearson Education.

Crito Analysis Essay

Rhetorical Question: â€Å"But my dear Crito, why should we pay so much attention to what ‘most people’ think? The reasonable people, who have more claim to be considered, will believe that the facts are exactly as they are† (906). Personification: â€Å"’Consider then, Socrates,’ the Laws would probably continue, ‘whether it is also true for us to say that what you are trying to do to us is not right†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (913). Plato’s â€Å"Crito† is one of the many tremendously influential pieces of literature produced in ancient Greece. It is a thought-provoking, philosophical discussion regarding the role of the individual within society, and how to treat injustice. As part of a series of imaginary dialogues between Socrates and other characters, â€Å"Crito† deals with the conflict Socrates is presented with, as he awaits execution. Crito, one of Socrates’ close friends, urges Socrates to escape prison while he still can. Crito offers several arguments to justify his escape, including the shame he would endure from the public for letting his friend die, and the poor example it would set for the children of Athens. However, Socrates carefully analyzes each of Crito’s arguments for escaping, and proves them invalid through logic and deductive reasoning. The passage, â€Å"But my dear Crito, why should we pay so much attention to what ‘most people’ think? T he reasonable people, who have more claim to be considered, will believe that the facts are exactly as they are† (906), demonstrates the method that Socrates uses to persuade. Socrates asks a rhetorical question to expose the silliness of the Crito’s worries. It represents the wisdom and morals of Socrates. Crito’s strongest argument is that Socrates would be promoting injustice by accepting his unfair sentence. However, Socrates disproves this point as well, by reasoning that he would be harming the Law by escaping death. Socrates, who has tried to live his life as justly and peacefully as possible, would be breaking every moral he ever lived by if he chose to turn against the law. He regards the Law higher than his own life. He sees the Law as a father to him; it has raised him, educated him, and allowed him to live a comfortable life. No matter how much he disagrees with its ways, he cannot bring himself to disobey it. Throughout Socrates’ discussions, he often has conversations with himself and the â€Å"Law†. Plato personifies the â€Å"Law† by giving it human-like qualities and speech; it is suggested that the Law can be hurt, and angry. He does this to distinguish it as a character that has feelings. For example, â€Å"’†¦you will leave this place, when you do, as the victim of a wrong done not by us, the Laws, but by your fellow men. But if you leave in that dishonorable way, returning wrong from wrong, and evil for evil, breaking your agreements with us, and injuring those whom you least ought to injure – yourself, your country, and us ,- then you will face our anger†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (916), demonstrates the authority of the Law. Socrates suggests it is better to die a victim who has lived justly and killed unjustly, than to return the injustice and hurt the Laws. He states, â€Å"†¦it is never right to do a wrong or return a wrong or defend one†™s self against injury by retaliation† (911), which exemplifies the belief that injustice cannot be treated with injustice. Socrates mentions an agreement being broken in this passage; this alludes to the belief that there is a social contract between the individual and government. Socrates reasons that when a citizen lives in Athens, he is indirectly supporting the laws and abiding them. The individual has a moral obligation to the government. While it is beneficial to challenge the government under some circumstances, one threatens the foundation of a stable society by breaking its laws. Socrates, who has lived 70 years of Athenian life, is content by living in accordance with this contract. He feels a state simply cannot exist if laws have no power. He firmly believes in the importance of strict laws, as he calls them the most precious achievement of human history. Besides, he reasons that a man of his age, with little life left to live, would lose his reputation by †Å"clinging so greedily to life, at the price of violating the most stringent laws† (915). For all these reasons, â€Å"Crito† remains an influential piece that poses big questions and promotes critical thinking.

Innovation and Design Strategy Essay

Samsung Electronics: Innovation and Design Strategy Introduction: The case study commences with the integration of innovative design and brand management by Samsung Electronics which started a new trend in the electronics industry. As discussed in the case, initially Samsung was not much popular and lacked design identity but later it relocated itself by: * Improvement in the product development processes * Increasing their investments in R&D and product design i. e. R&D globalization. * By adopting right innovation strategies. By mastering the less tangible, more intuitive qualities of superior design. By diversification of products and step by step or continual improvement. * Implementing Global localization strategy. * Achieving Vision of leading in digital convergence by using e-processes (electronic integration of processes by going online). All these methods were implemented by Samsung in order to improve its productivity and to gain competitive advantage over its competitors l ike LG Electronics, Sony, Apple Computer Inc. , etc. Despite this, Samsung is facing the challenge to stay ahead in competition in the near future. Consumer electronics industry is facing a tough competition and the need of the our is to optimize the R & D costs, having relevant information regarding the IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) while design outsourcing and using appropriate product design followed by appropriate market strategy. Case Analysis: As mentioned in the case, the background of Samsung can be discussed in a tabular form: * Started by Byung-Chull Lee in 1939 as an exporter of agricultural products. I * Samsung Electronics established in 1969 followed by product diversification. I * Strategic Joint Ventures with NEC, Sanyo and Corning Glass work in 1970 | Brought 50% stake in Korea Semiconductor Inc. I * Acquisition of Korea Semiconductor Inc. in 1978 followed by the successful implementation of reverse engineered product design I * Vertical integration by developing their own IC’s DRAMS(Dynamic Random Access Memories in 1985 Focus on qualitative growth than quantitative growth in 1990 | * Loosening of import restrictions by South Korean government I And Samsung achieved price competitiveness in 1991. | * In 1992, Samsung established R;D center in European markets. I * In 1994, Samsung established R;D center in US markets. I * In 1997, Samsung cuts its Korean and overseas workforces due to Asian Financial crises. I * In 1999, Samsung was regarded as world’s premiere consumer goods and services industry By Forbes. I * In 2000, Samsung embarked vision to convert itself into a Digital- e company. * Increased design staff and 2004 | * In 2005, Samsung increased its design budget by 20%-30% | * In 2006, Samsung registered 17,377 patents worldwide I * In 2007, Samsung held management, product design and investment in R&D provided them advantages over its competitors. Hence, they improved step by step with the product iversification, Mergers and Acquisitions, vertical integration and implementation of new technology. They were aggressively involved in marketing and improving their brand image in the minds of their customers. The Samsungs learning and leveraging matrix can be explained as: Dedicated business units e. g. Informal technology transfer I New venture department or division, e. g. â€Å"skunkworks( Investments in R&D’s) I Independent business unit, e. g. Predivestment or potential spinout I Direct integration or business team ( Vertical Integration by developing their own IC’S) I High Low Leveraging existing competencies Innovation and product Design at Samsung Electronics Samsung Electronics leading position was contributed by the enlisted factors: * Creative people in the organization which contributed in the development of technology. * Co-operation between the business partners throughout the supply chain * Firms ability in exploring end penetrating into the new markets * Speed of innovation and product development. Along with this Samsung also increased the investments in their R&D centers. After doing the trend analysis for the Exhibit 3 which shows the Samsung R&D udget and percentage sales, We arrive at the conclusion that the Samsung’s R;D budget increased till the year 2007 linearly. But there is decline in the percentage of sales in the year 2007, which suggests that the Samsung will need to rethink this strategy. There is an urgent need to optimize the cost related to Samsung’s R&D expenditure to prevent the decline of sales in future. Samsung globalized their R&D network worldwide to develop technologies which can be commercialized in the future. Basically the main idea behind the globalization of R&D network is to: * Focus n innovation and generating new products for global market. * There is a huge scope of product improvement. * This provides an access to the emerging markets. * Leverages the market opportunity for the firm. User- Centric Design Philosophy Samsung’s philosophy was to strike the balance between the reasons and feelings. This was done by them with the rationalization of the design of product by using geometric and technological parameters and enhancing the design to the product so that it can make the emotional connection with the user. Their global localization strategy helped them to become a top class consumer lectronics company. Marketing Samsung used electronic processes to achieve their vision of leading in digital convergence. The Convergence and integration between manufacturing, promotion ; distribution of electronics included releasing, promoting and marketing. This * Helped in product differentiation * Better value propositions or bundle of benefits to the customers. This graph shows net sales and operating profit of Samsung Electronics 2007 Samsung Electronics’ E-processes comprised of: The SCM, R&D management and Customer management processes were ntegrated with ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning). ERP implementation provided them a wider access to the Samsung Electronics’ operations. This improved their overall processes and improved efficiency.

Interpersonal Relationship Analysis Assignment Research Paper

Interpersonal Relationship Analysis Assignment - Research Paper Example , 2013, p. 1). Another definition of interpersonal relationship is: â€Å"an association between two or more people that may range from fleeting to enduring. This association may be based on inference, love, solidarity, regular business interactions, or some other type of social commitment† (Tangient LLC, 2013, par. 1). The objective of the current discourse is to analyze one of my interpersonal relationships using concepts and theoretical frameworks discussed during the course. I would therefore be analyzing the relationship between family members, specifically among parents and siblings. As such, this aim would be achieved through addressing and responding to the following questions, as itemized below: 1. The variables that apply to why we form relationships (attraction, similarity, difference, proximity, etc.). How did these variables function in the beginning of your relationship? How do these variables function now that you have a more established relationship? The variab les that clearly apply in forming the relationship among parents and siblings are: for the fulfillment of basic needs (food, clothing and shelter), including emotional, spiritual, and security needs. As a child, I have already recognized the importance of holistic support provided by my parents; as well as the endearing company of my siblings. I realized that the establishment and continued sustaining of a smooth and strong interpersonal relationship among my parents and among my other siblings would be instrumental in maintaining a happy family. Therefore, although there has been some ups and downs in terms of misunderstandings in communication and minor conflicts that ensue among members (even among my parents and me), I have realized through time that these could be resolved and that family members are those whose bonds would be sustained and preserved despite encountering different problems and challenges. As such, weathering various difficulties and adversities as a family actu ally made our interpersonal relationships stronger. 2. Application of two course theories/concepts to the relationship depending on the type: friendship, family or romantic. To assist in developing, maintaining and sustaining strong interpersonal relationships among family members, the following theories were aptly recognized and applied: the attachment/affiliation theory; as well as the confirming and valuing relationship theory. The attachment/affiliation theory has been described as explaining â€Å"infant behavior towards their attachment figure, during separation and reunion times. It is believed that attachment behaviors formed in infancy will help shape the attachment relationships people have as adults† (Lee, 2003, par. 1). I have therefore manifested and established a stronger bond with my mother, due to her comprehensive support accorded me: physically, emotionally, mentally, psychologically, and even spiritually. As emphasized, â€Å"the mother automatically has s ome kind of bond to the child because she carried it for 9 months, but early contact is important in forming strong bonds between them† (Lee, 2003, par. 5). Thus, through consistent caring, guidance in academic performance, as well as in addressing various problems during my childhood up to adolescent development, I have recognized a stronger attachment to my mother. In addition, I also have shown stronger affiliation with my sibling of similar gender. Especially durign adolescent years, greater need was recognized to be formed with other peers

Musical Compositions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Musical Compositions - Essay Example This is what will be dissertated in the following. Eric Serra, who composed The Diva Dance, which was used in the movie The Fifth Element as much of the film's overall score, and it shows a significant influence of Middle Eastern music, particularly Ra. The Diva Dance opera performance featured music from Gaetano Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor Part Two, Act Two, N. 14 Scena ed aria, 'O giusto cielo!' "and was voiced by Inva Mula-Tchako, while the role of Plavalaguna is humanoid alien, her vocalizations seem beyond physical possibility; however, in a documentary feature on the Special Edition DVD release, it is stated that Mula-Tchako's voice was not digitally altered. Canadian vocalist Marie-ve Munger performed the complete Diva Dance before a live audience, and her performance was later aired on Quebec television as part of a promotion for a televised boxing event" (Wikipedia, 2007). One of the most major and significant similarities between the two musical compositions is that of their background and influences; they both have a very noticeable opera tone to them, which makes sense as since the 1980s operatic excerpts have been employed increasingly and prominently in blockbuster films, and "in some films, opera excerpts are used as signifiers of the properties commonly associated with opera - love, exoticism, high

IP6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IP6 - Essay Example m is that the ownership of the brand and the modus operandi for the delivery of the product are retained by the franchisor, and execution is a franchisee responsibility† (Franchising as Entrepreneurship, n.d.) As an entrepreneur, I have to concentrate only on the execution area of the business rather than running after business idea, business plan, and training of the employees. The required product for the business and the business strategies will be readily available for me if I opt for franchising. â€Å"Business format franchisees typically perform services, but may sell and install a product in conjunction with such service (e.g., fast food restaurants, automotive aftermarket product replacement services.† (Jamie G, 2009)† For example suppose I opt for the franchising business of a service delivery system (SDS) of fast food chain Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC). The KFC company will take responsibility of providing me the product (Chicken and other associated ite ms), the training of my staffs (like how to approach and behave with the customers, what strategies must be taken for attracting more customers, precautions required for keeping the products clean and fresh, hygienic conditions requirements, etc), sales promotion strategies, and all the other activities required for the successful execution of the business. I have to concentrate fully on the implementation part of the business like, how well the instructions obtained from the franchisee is being executed in my firm. Customer demands may be different at different locations and hence the franchisor must make custom made SDS for each location. For example, a franchisor who works on fast food services, must recognize the needs of the customers in each locations since the eating habits of people can be different based on region, religion and culture. The eating habits of Muslim people may be different from that of Christian and Jews people. As a franchisor I have to consider all such factors to fine tune

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8

Final paper - Essay Example France is noted to have been the first state in Western Europe to remove the sanction placed on homosexuality, 1791. It is important to note the existence of a mental condition, which hinders one from realizing their true sexual orientation, thus leaving them thoroughly confused. This mostly occurs at the youth stage where one is most vulnerable to the influences of the world. Derald Wing Sue and David Sue (2013) describe the struggle by for individuals who realize that the expected social norms are not in line with their internal thoughts and feelings on the subject. There are groups set out in the world ill-equipped to handle the name-calling, bullying and numerous other offences that are dished out to them. Physical violence is not unheard of for anti-‘something extremists who believe the world would do better without the smaller minorities (Saewyc et al., 2006). Israelites were highly discriminated by the Nazis in the era of Hitler; the black Americans have had a long history of discrimination before they were finally accepted. These are only a minor fraction of the numerous discrimination cases that can be exemplified for the benefit of the context. However, the common factor that stands out is their devious behavior to natural norms and lack of conformity. This makes them easy targets for wrong-minded individuals who believe that they are supposed to be the predominant group. In most countries, the LGBT community has been accepted legally. However, facts on the ground indicate that there is a sort of cold war between them and extremist who refuse to accept them regardless of law. This creates a stigmatized community with little to no voice depending on the location. Despite proof of the community having existed in the society for as far back as millennia BC, the human nature seeks to root out any irregularities in the system. These are the deviants and those who seem to

Analysis of Electronic Payment Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Electronic Payment Systems - Essay Example Electronic payment systems (EPS) can be classified into four main categories namely Online Electronic Cash System, Online Credit Card Payment System, Smart Cards based Electronic Payment System and Electronic Cheque System. These categories can be compared using various features. In terms of actual payment time, electronic cash and smart cards are prepaid whereas online credit card payment and electronic cheque are post paid/paid later. In Online Credit Card Payment and Electonic cash, all transactions are online but offline transactions are allowed in electronic cheque and smart cards. In Online Credit Card Payment, payments are made by the credit account, in electronic cheque, it is done by the bank acount and in smart cards, it is done by the smart card account. In electronic cash, there is no involvement of a bank account (Laudon and Laudon, 2008). As for their users, online credit card is open for all legitimate users of credit card, electronic cash is open for everybody while electronic cheque and smart cards are open for anyone with a bank account. In addition, smart card is also open for anyone with a credit card account. Online credit card can partially be used in real world, electronic cash can only be used in virtual world, smart cards can be used in used in real and virtual world and electronic cheque is limited to real world although its checking count can be shared with real world. Online credit card and smart cards are mobile whereas electronic cash and electronic cheque are not mobile. Transactions costs for online credit card are high thus it is not suitable for small payments. As for electronic cash and smart cards, their transaction costs are but low hence they are suitable for low transactions. Online credit card, electronic cash and smart cards have high levels of user anonymity but it is not found in electronic cheque (Laudon and Laudon, 2008). I mostly use electronic cash because it is open for anyone and there is no

QI Plan Part II--Quality Data Collection Research Paper

QI Plan Part II--Quality Data Collection - Research Paper Example A large number of software packages are available in the market for recording daily hospital records. A tool as simple as excel spreadsheet can also be used to handle small amount of transactions for smaller organizations. Databases such as access can also be utilized. This would maintain a daily list of electronic records making it easy to sort, filter and backtrack any information. Health Management information systems (HMIS) can also be used to record and monitor data. This could contain supervisory data, clinic record data, drug stock-outs data, functioning of outreach services and health workers availability. The information could include internal activities, number of beds, daily admissions and discharges, number of causalities and duration of stay. Self administered surveys help in revealing characteristics of the entire population by considering large sample sizes. Many questions can be asked on a given topic and the response to them can be analyzed with flexibility. These surveys eliminate the limitations of self-administered surveys. Personal interviews are an alternative to surveys. The control of the interview is in the hands of the interviewer rather than respondent leading to better response and accuracy. The scope for confusion decreases significantly. Also the interviews are useful in cases where the interviewee is a senior executive or a leader of an organization and doesn’t have time to fill written survey (Data Collection Tools). Focus groups are used to obtain specific information which may not be possible using other methods. The focus group consists of people who exhibit a certain peculiar characteristic. For example, the satisfaction level of heart patient who went through bypass surgery in a hospital can be noted a few months after the surgery by forming their focus group. Focus groups contain 6-12 people generally. This ensures sufficient diversity in the group without compromising on attention to everyone in the group.

Marketing Final Term Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Final Term - Essay Example Among the cabin crews, Emirates Airlines has one of the largest numbers of cabin crews which hail from around 95 different nationals. Emirates Airlines has installed individual entertainment system in all of its classes enabling customers for not only making online booking but also facilitates for choosing their arena of seating. These outstanding features have enabled this airline to be a customer oriented and pioneering contributor for advanced services. Emirates Airlines have empowered over 280 international awards, among which the prestigious award has been CAPA airline award for the year 2005, as awarded by the Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. Target market Targeting the kid’s market The needs of kids can be used to increase the share of market. There are a lot of families and parents who cares for the needs of their kids much more than themselves. Offering a suitable and comfortable environment to kids can reduce the misgiving of families. After launching of the campaig n of â€Å"kids go free†, more family groups were received by Emirates Airlines than before. Through cooperation with tourism companies and hotels in Dubai, the emirates are keen to attract large number of tourists. The parents are also willing to take their kids and enjoy affordable travel with Emirates Airlines. The kids friendlier environmental can provide pleasure to kids for having a great time with their parents in Dubai. Now, the focus is more towards the kids market as the kids can influence the decision of parents. UAE’s tourism and business segment customers The emergence of Dubai as a tourism hub and regional business has provided Emirates Airlines to fuel the traffic of regional air passenger enabling abundance of room for growth. The law of freehold ownership has been attracting tourists and business communities. Expatriates in UAE UAE, being 5th largest crude oil exporter of world and Dubai, being the fastest growing city of world, has created huge demand for skilled and unskilled workforce for feeding its emerging labour market and booming economy. A major attraction for various workforces around the world is its highly paid labour market. So, Emirates Airlines targets the expatriates in UAE. Transit passengers For Emirates airlines, Dubai is the operational hub. It has been positioned as a connector between Australia/ Asia and Europe and has supported the growth of emirates airlines. This connection point has been used by Emirates airlines to promote the business, especially transit passengers. Emirates airlines target to prosper in this particular segment through marketed and well established wide range network. Goals Emirates Airlines focuses towards maximizing the return on capital of overall Group, to take full advantage of the competencies of Group in market and to be diverse and balance to the earning streams of Group. The objectives pertaining to the fulfillment of these goals are to improve and retain the market share of f requent business class traveler, to tap the market of low cost carriers for achieving the return on investment of company, to promote the tourism activities of Dubai and to introduce Dubai to the world and to increase the market share. Part two Marketing mix The Emirates Airlines hold an extraordinary achievement during the previous years. However, during 2009 which was one of the

Needs Assessment of the Diabetic Patient Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Needs Assessment of the Diabetic Patient - Essay Example Diabetes II finds that insulin is produced by the pancreas but it is ineffective in carrying out total body functions where the insulin is desperately needed to be regulated (Rubin 1999). Furthermore, just as this current patient faces issues of obesity, many adult patients who suffer with Diabetes II are quite regularly classified as being moderately overweight to points of morbid obesity as well which again is an issue that further complicates the treatment process. Since insulin therapy is ineffective in the treatment and management of Diabetes II and also because the majority of people with this form of diabetes are obese the most popular and beneficial treatment regimens that have been implemented into the care of patients has been an appropriate exercise routine with proper diet and nutrition mapped out for them. Seemingly this would be the appropriate guidelines for the current patient. Therefore the two main goals of the management plan for this patient will be to decrease hi s weight with an exercise program and to monitor his dietary and fluid intake on a weekly basis as well. Firstly, before an in-depth management program can begin with this patient there needs to be an initial development of a good interpersonal relationship between the primary care manager and the patient himself. Because patients with Diabetes II are sometimes severely obese the medical provider needs to have the clear awareness that this patient might suffer with depression and anxiety due to his physical appearance. Therefore, it should be the goal of the care giver to build a position of trust and faith between him or herself and the patient in order to provide a high quality care plan to manage the Diabetes (Aggleton & Chalmers 2000). Nurses who use an interpersonal approach have been found to be able to correctly assist patients in planning a strategic alternative to gaining control over a disease such as Diabetes II. This is due to the fact that an interpersonal approach utilizes techniques that are more thorough than a traditional nurse/ patient evaluation. For instance, the sk ills used are normally observing, questioning, examining, and testing and measuring to ascertain whether the patient will be able to meet the set goals being designed for them (Roper et al 1996). It is believed that this type of approach will be best for this patient in that it will build the proper relationship in order to work as a joint team in the management of the patients' illness. Furthermore, with regard to correctly acquiring this patient's information so that medical treatment and evaluation can be carried out, nurses and all medical care providers have to be careful not to tread over the stipulations that the NMC has specified when working with patients. This specific code states that, "nurses should protect all confidential information concerning patients obtained in the course of professional practices and make disclosure only with consent" (NMC 2002). This of course draws on the ethical and legal aspects of properly caring

The English Language Essay Example for Free

The English Language Essay Language is a constant. It is a component that will be forever intertwined into the fabrication of our global society. This multi-sensory means of communication, consists of not only the verbal and writing, but also touch, smell, sound, body, and gestural elements. As human beings are social animals, people have the instinct to communicate with others, to share our feelings and thoughts, and as a result, language development in each individual becomes an instinct (Pinker, 1994). Since language is the tool used for communication, Wittgenstein says, â€Å"The limits of my language are the limits of my world†. It is implied that people speak just one language and thus live in only one world, and if you are not capable of using the language, your world is narrowed. However, Einstein has an opposite opinion; he devalues the importance of language and says, â€Å"The words of a language as they are written and spoken do not seem to play any role in the mechanism of my thought.† It is widely believed believe that language is the bridge connecting individuals and the outside world; thus, it is a crucial element of human life. Language can be inextricably tied to identity, and it can also be disentangled. In Einstein’s quote, he says that the language of speech and writing doesn’t influence his thought, because the mechanism of his thought is extraordinary. As a widely recognized great scientist, his point might be that people should think something beyond what is already written, and also, â€Å"the sum of human wisdom is not contained in any one language, and no single language is CAPABLE of expressing all forms and degrees of human comprehension.† (Ezra Pound, The ABC of Reading). With language as your tool, you are capable of exploring other worlds. Wittgenstein’s statement failed to include the fact that there are worlds formed based on different languages. It is through such language that one is either included or excluded fro m social groups. Language pervades social life. It is the principal vehicle for the transmission of cultural knowledge, and the primary means by which we gain access to the contents of others minds. Language is implicated in most of the phenomena that lie at the core of social psychology: attitude change, social perception, personal identity, social interaction, intergroup bias and stereotyping, attribution, and so on. Just as language use pervades social life, the elements of social life constitute an intrinsic part of the way language is used. Linguists regard language as an abstract structure that exists independently of specific instances of usage (much as the calculus is a logico-mathematical structure that is independent of its application to concrete problems), but any communicative exchange is situated in a social context that constrains the linguistic forms participants use. How these participants define the social situation, their perceptions of what others know, think and believe, and the claims the make about their own and others identities will affect the form and content of their acts of speaking. For present purposes, it may be more helpful to think about language as a set of complex, organized systems that operate in concert. A particular act of speaking can be examined with respect to any of these systems (G. Miller, 1975), and each level of analysis can have significance for social behaviour. For example, languages are made up of four systems—the phonological, the morphological, the syntactic, and the semantic—which, taken together, constitute its grammar. Australia is often described as one of the ‘classical countries of immigration’. The concept of being a ‘nation of immigrants’ is at the centre of Australian identity. Australia is a unique country, and it has a long history of population growth due to immigration. Australia is a young country and has not fully developed. It is commonly called â€Å"The Land of Opportunity.† Such grammar can be exclusive to specific culture along with social purposes. Melbourne, for example, has many sub-cultures that combine to create the overwhelmingly diverse and generalized culture that defines the city as a whole. We are constantly influence through the language that other cultures have introduced into our traditional linguistics. The English Language has changed and shifted drastically form the Anglo-Saxon version to our current speech. Over time, linguistics from cultures such as French, Latin and Greek have evaded our traditional tongue, creating a new cultural identity; ever evolving and adapting to the modern world. In the modern world, human need to belong still influences language development and identity established through such language. People are proud of their accents, dialects, and languages. It is a mark of uniqueness and simultaneously a mark of belonging and excluding. People who live in different areas are proud to speak the way they do, because they are different from the rest, but are still part of a group. Whereas, accents and dialects are marks of belonging, and something that most people are proud of, language development has been influenced by less idealistic reasons. We can see how important language is in both the purpose of communication and widening the world of an individual; it is a way of knowing. If an individual is not capable of using a language, his world is limited yet it is reasonable to assume that the language used by most people is not always significant in mechanism of everybody’s thoughts, because somebody’s mind might work differently. Throughout history, human needs have affected their behaviour, how they lived, and how their language develops. Food, water, and a place to belong were some of the major needs to begin with, but as time went by, they were joined by other needs. Economic, political and scholarly needs also influence language development. The influence of human development and need will continue to effect language expansion, and will continue to as long as the world lasts.

SNPs of ABCG2 in Chinese Advanced NSCLC Patients

SNPs of ABCG2 in Chinese Advanced NSCLC Patients Introduction Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent and fatal malignant neoplasm all over the world and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80%–85% of all lung cancers(1). The majority of NSCLC patients, approximately 80%, presents in locally advanced (phase IIIA/B) or metastatic (phase IV) stages, which results in quite low 5-year survival rates, 8-14.1% for phase IIIA and 1-5% for phase IIIAB/IV (2). The standard treatment of advanced NSCLC, two-drug chemotherapy based on platinum, has reached a bottleneck with limited effect. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), a targeted drug of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), have been recently introduced for the treatment of NSCLC. Clinical trials indicated that Gefitinib and Erlotinib treating advanced NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation could result a remission rate of 62.1%~84.6% and progression-free survival (PFS) of 8.4~13.1 months, which are significantly higher than that in chemotherapy group (32.2%~47.3% and 4.6~6.7 months , respectively), but not over survival(3-6). In order to implement accurate treatment of both chemotherapy and targeted therapy, it’s urgent to find other predictive targets of NSCLC patients to stratify for treatment. ATP binding cassette superfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), also known as breast cancer resistance protein, was demonstrated to be associated with the effect and prognosis of chemotherapy/targeted therapy in NSCLC (7-9). Because the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ABCG2 are supposed to affect the expression of ABCG2 protein and SNPs of ABCG2 in Asian population are different from other ethnicities (10), we conducted this study to evaluate the SNPs of ABCG2 in Chinese advanced NSCLC patients and its association with their prognosis of TKI therapy. Materials and methods Patients and treatment A total of 100 patients with pathology and cytology confirmed advanced or metastatic NSCLC were enrolled into this study between April 2012 and January 2014 in Hangzhou, China. The mutation of EGFR gene was assessable in 32 patients. Other patients were not assessed EGFR mutation. TKI targeted therapy was implemented in 70 NSCLC patients and other therapy was implemented in the other 30 patients. Patients with TKI targeted therapy were treated with Gefitnid (Astrazeneca pharmaceutical co., LTD) at a dose of 250 mg/day or Erlotinib (Roche pharmaceuticals co., LTD) at a dose of 150 mg/day or Icotinib (Zhejiang beida pharmaceutical co., LTD) at a dose of 375 mg/day. The patients’ characteristics were detailed in Table 1. All patients received chest CT every two months after 1 month of therapy. The efficacy of TKI therapy was clarified as complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progression disease (PD) according to RECIST 1.1 [1]. Patients with CR or PR at more than 6 months were considered as responders. Patients with SD and PD at less than 6 months were considered as nonresponders.[A1] Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the duration from TKI therapy to disease progression. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the duration from diagnosis to death from any cause. All patients agreed to participate in this study and signed written informed consent. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Nanjing Medical University and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines[A2]. DNA extraction Blood samples were collected before chemotherapy and kept in a microcentrifuge tubes containing ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). Genomic DNA was extracted using a DNA purification kit (Flexi Gene DNA Kit, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The concentration of genomic DNA was determined with NanoDrop 1000 (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, USA) and then it was diluted to a standard of 25 ng/ÃŽ ¼l. Analysis of ABCG2 polymorphisms The ABCG2 34 G/A (dbSNP ID: rs2231137), 421 C/A (dbSNP ID: rs 2231142), 1143 C/T (dbSNP ID: rs2622604) and -15622 C/T (dbSNP ID: rs7699188) polymorphisms were amplified by PCR with the appropriate primers. The primers for PCR and single base extension (Table 2) were designed by the Sequenom Assay Designer 3.1 Software (San Diego, CA). The PCR reactions[A3] were performed at 95 °C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95 °C for 30 s, Tm for 30 s, and 72 °C for 60 s. After PCR amplification, single base extension reaction was performed following the method of Wiltshire et al [2]. Finally, polymorphisms of ABCG2 gene were tested and analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization timeof-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and Sequenom MassARRAY system (Sequenom, San Diego, CA, USA). Statistical analysis Allele frequencies of SNPs were calculated and their genotype distributions were assessed using Fisher’s exact test or chi-square test. PFS and OS were evaluated with censored survival time methods and 95% confidence intervals (CI) was obtained from multivariable logistic regression. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted for OS and analyzed with log-rank test. All tests were performed 2-sided and a p-value were carried out using SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software. Results ABCG2 gene polymorphisms The genotyping of ABCG2 34 G/A, 421 C/A, 1143 C/T and -15622 C/T were performed in all these 100 patients. For the ABCG2 34 G/A polymorphism, the frequencies of GG, GA and AA genotypes were 36%, 50% and 14%, respectively. The allele frequencies of G and A were 61% and 39%, respectively. The wide-type ABCG2 421 C/A genotype (CC) had a frequency of 53%, while the CA and AA genotypes were found in 43% and 4% of the patients, respectively. The allele frequencies of G and A were 74.5% and 25.5%, respectively. The frequencies of CC, CT and TT genotypes for ABCG2 1143 C/T were 66%, 29% and 5%, respectively. The allele frequencies of G and A were 80.5% and 19.5%, respectively. Regarding the ABCG2 -15622 C/T polymorphism, the TT genotype was observed in all patients. Therefore, polymorphism of ABCG2 -15622 C/T was not investigated in the following steps. Polymorphisms of ABCG2 and clinical characteristics Patients clinical characteristics were shown in Table 1, and the relationship between polymorphisms of ABCG2 and clinical characteristics were presented in Table 3. No significant correlations were found between ABCG2 polymorphisms (34 G/A, 421 C/A and 1143 C/T) and patients’ characteristics, including gender, age, smoking history, histology and EGFR mutation (p > 0.05). Although there was no significant relationship between ABCG2 421 C/A polymorphism and EGFR mutation, a trend that CA genotype was observed frequently in EGFR mutation positive patients (47.6% in positive patients vs. 18.2% in negative patients, p = 0.119). Then we calculated the allele frequency of A in these patients and a high frequency of allele A in positive patients (33.3% vs. 9.1%, p = 0.038) was observed. Polymorphisms of ABCG2 and clinical outcome of TKI The sensitivity of 70 patients to TKI treatment was shown in Table 4. NO significant correlation was found between ABCG2 polymorphisms (34 G/A, 421 C/A and 1143 C/T) and sensitivity (p > 0.05). As shown in Table 4, median PFS for carriers of the A-allele and GG genotype at position 34 of the ABCG2 gene who were treated with TKI therapy was 8.0 months (95% CI: 5.9-10.1, n = 45) and 6.5 months (95% CI: 4.1-8.9, n = 25), respectively. There was no significant difference in median PFS of NSCLC patients receiving TKI therapy between CC genotype and CA + AA genotype at position 421 of ABCG2 gene (p > 0.05). Median PFS of patients with CC genotype at position 1143 of ABCG2 gene was higher than those with CT and TT genotypes, but no significant difference was found (p > 0.05). The median OS of patients with ABCG2 34 G/A, 421 C/A, 1143 C/T polymorphisms was shown in Table 4. The median OS of patients with GG genotype at position 34 of the ABCG2 gene was 18 months (95% CI: 14.9-21.1, n = 25) and for those with other genotypes (GA and AA) was 31 months (95% CI: 22.9-39.1, n = 45). Figure 1 showed the Kaplan-Meier curve for OS for NSCLC patients receiving TKI therapy in relation to ABCG2 genotypes at 34 G/A (Figure 1A), 421 C/A (Figure 1B) and 1143 C/T (Figure 1C). There was significant difference between patients with GG genotype and those with GA + AA genotypes at position 34 of the ABCG2 gene (p difference between patients that were CC genotype regarding the position 421 of ABCG2 gene and carriers with other genotypes (CA + AA, p > 0.05). No significant difference was found in 1143 C/T polymorphism (p > 0.05). Discussion Our present study observed that three polymorphisms of ABCG2, 34G>A, 421C>A and 1143C>T occured more frequently compared with -15622C>T in Chinese advanced NSCLC patients. As for -15622C>T, all patients presented a TT genotype. Although no relationships were observed between different genotypes of ABCG2 polymorphisms and EGFR status, a higher frequency of allele A (421C>A) in EGFR mutation positive patients was observed. The other polymorphisms were not related to clinical characteristics. The sensitivity and PFS to TKI of 70 patients was not related to polymorphisms. However, the OS of patients with 34G>A mutant type (GA+AA) was significantly longer than those with wild type (GG). The ABCG2 protein is an important member of the ABC transporter superfamily, which has been suggested to be involved in multi-drug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Screening for SNPs in ethnically diverse subjects has identified more than 80 synonymous and nonsynonymous SNPs in the ABCG2 gene to date (12). The two most frequent polymorphisms identified were 34G>A (resulting in V12M) and 421C>A (resulting in a Q141K substitution) transitions (13). A novel diplotype of two polymorphic loci in the ABCG2 promoter involving -15622C>T and 1143C>T were identified recently (14). Introduction of other ABCG2 SNPs can be found in a recent review (15). Despite the similar allele frequency of 421C>A variant among East Asian populations including Chinese (34.2–35.0%) and Japanese (26.6–35.0%), the allele frequency is higher than that of Southeast Asians (15.0%), Middle Easterns (13.0%), Caucasians (8.7–12.0%) and African-Americans (2.3%) (10). Similarly, the allele frequency of the 34G>A variant in Chinese (20.0%), Koreans (19.8%) and Japanese (15.0-19.0%) is comparable. However, it is much lower than that in Southeast Asians (45%) and higher than other ethnic groups including Caucasian (1.7–10.3%), African-American (6.3%) and Middle Eastern (5.0%) populations (10). The allele frequency of 421C>A variant in our studied population was 25.5%, which was comparable to other Asian populations. However, the allele frequency of 34G>A variant was 39.0%, which was higher than other reports from Asian populations. We found that the allele frequency of 1143C>T variant and -15622C>T variant in our study was 19.5% and 100%, respectively. In Caucasians, it was reported to be 22% and 28%, respectively (16). We unexpectedly observed that all the included patients presented TT genotype of -15622C>T. As far as we known, this gene has not been investigated in other Asian populations. Future studies could be conducted to determine the polymorphism of -15622C>T in Asian po pulation and its potential impact. Physiologically, ABCG2 protein is highly expressed in the blood-brain barrier and gastrointestinal tract, where it is thought to play a role in protection against xenobiotic exposure. High ABCG2 expression has also been found in a variety of tumors and correlated with multidrug resistance and poorer clinical outcomes, as this transporter has the ability to extrude its drug substrates out of the cells, thereby decreasing their intracellular accumulation (17, 18)[16]. Primary structural variations of ABCG2 are associated with its drug-transporter function (15). Therefore, SNPs in the ABCG2 gene would influence the pharmacological effects differently in different patients. It has been demonstrated that 421C>A polymorphisms may express low amounts of ABCG2 (19-22) while the influence of 34G>A polymorphisms on ABCG2 expression remains controversial (22, 23). And regarding to 1143C>T and -15622C>T, some researchers found a decreased protein expression related to these two polymorphisms (21 ) and others found no relation between them (24). Moreover, 421C>A polymorphism has been demonstrated to be associated with ATPase activity and drug transport (18). Thus, several clinical studies have investigated the relation between ABCG2 polymorphism and clinical outcome of NSCLC. Mà ¼ller and colleagues (25) found that carriers of the ABCG2 421 A-allele treated with platinum-based drugs showed a significantly worse OS in all lung cancer patients. However, this effect was not statistically significant in the smaller subgroups of SCLC patients or NSCLC patients with platinum-based treatment. They did not found an association between 34G>A polymorphism and prognosis. Another study of 129 unresectable NSCLC cases treated with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy suggested that ABCG2 SNPs rs2725264 and rs4148149 were associated with OS (26). On the other side, there was also evidence showing that ABCG2 polymorphisms were not related to response or prognosis of NSCLC patients treated with gefitinib (24), erlotinib (27) and gemcitabine and/or platinum-based drugs and/or other drugs (28). In our present study, we found the OS of patients with 34G >A mutant type (GA+AA) was significantly longer than those with wild type (GG). However, we did not observe significant differences concerning other polymorphisms including 421C>A, which was found to be associated with prognosis of other cancer by other study (29). Interestingly, it was reported that ABCG2 34 GA/AA genotypes were associated with poor prognosis of Chinese patients with acute leukaemia (30). Polymorphisms of 34G>A seems to have an opposite impact in different types of cancer. The mechanisms are worthy to be investigated in future large studies. Moreover, ABCG2 SNPs was demonstrated not only related to TKI resistance, but also to TKI induced side effects. Cusatis and colleaguesinvestigated associations between allelic variants ofABCG2 with diarrhea and skin toxicity ingefitinib-treated patients. They found that 16 patients heterozygous forABCG2 421C>A developed diarrhea, versus only 13 (12%) of 108 patients homozygous for the wild-type sequence. However, this SNP was not associated with skin toxicity (28). A recent study found that patientscarrying anABCG2 -15622 TT genotype or harboring at least one TT copy in theABCG2 (1143CT, -15622CT) haplotype developed significantly more grade 2/3 diarrhea (23). In our present study, we did not perform the analysis on side effects. However, this is a serious concern which should be taken into consideration in future studies. In Conclusion, Our findings demonstrate a strong association between the ABCG2 34G>A polymorphism and the overall survival of NSCLC patients treated with TKIs, including Gefitnib, Erlotinib and Icotinib. Since these polymorphisms can be assessed with a simple blood test, it might potentially improve the stratification of patients for TKI treatment by identifying genetically high-response subgroups. Therefore, larger prospective trials are warranted to validate these findings. [A3]The PCR reactions were performed in 20 ÃŽ ¼l volumes on 384-well plates (cat. No. TF-0384/W, ABgene, USA) with 20 ng DNA, 10 pmol for each primer and 1 Ãâ€" PCR-Buffer (Sequenom, San Diego, CA, USA). à §Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…“à ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡

Travel And Tourism Industry Is Growing Tourism Essay

Travel And Tourism Industry Is Growing Tourism Essay Preparation First and foremost, the angle is preparation. Preparation is an important thing for people that want to travel. A good preparation before travel will lead to a much enjoyable trip. These days travel and tourism industry is growing very fast. Firstly, to prepare for the trip, researches are first done to know more about the country. Nowadays, all the travel agencies are well connected to various hotels, airlines, and railway agencies. So, the tourists of tour do not have to spend extra time preparing the itinerary. Besides that, travel agencies serve their clients by providing best tour packages at cheaper rates. Thats why, these tour packages is very much in fashion these days. These packages have their own benefits. On the other hand, if tourist prefers to travel in the FE method, researches regarding accommodation, food, travel spots, or transportation have to be done personally through the internet or by personal experience from others. Other than that, the checklist of that tour and free and easy preparation are different. If go with a tour, travelling agencies has taken the courtesy to come up with a check list of necessary documents and necessities before travelling. Furthermore, travel agencies will always remind the tourist to bring the necessities before go for travel. In this case, tourist may travel comfortably. But for FE, checklist must be created by you, if you remember to create one. One of the benefits of creating your own personal check list is clearly because it would be more personal and intimate. Anyway, tourist that travels with free and easy have to always bear in mind to bring things in the checklist before travelling because no one will remind the tourists unlike tour. Time Second angle would be time. Time is very crucial element. This is because every second wasted during the trip, is every second lost, therefore time management is very important. By following a tour, tourist is guaranteed to enjoy the trip to the fullest extent. The whole trip is scheduled specially for different types of tourist, for example, shopping tours, historical tours, and relaxing tours. But, there is always a price to pay for all this convenience. The scheduled is so packed that sometime, only a short limit of time is applied to each travel spot. Hence tourists do not have the option to stay back or just go. Punctuality is most likely to be favored. However, in the FE tour, the whole trip is literally, prepared and done by the same tourist. Thus, tourists are able to provide a looser schedule or itinerary. Besides that, sudden change to the trip is always applicable. In this case, punctuality is not an effecting variable. Cost Next the third angle would be cost of expense. The cost of these two trips varies greatly. It can be different in two different aspect, flexibility of cost and budgeting the cost of expense. Tour is said to be less flexible because tourist have to pay a fixed amount of money for any relevant package they chose. Example, if a tourist wanted to visit Indonesia, if he is taking a tour he is only had a choice to pay RM2000 to go to Jakarta. As for the FE tour, it is much more flexible. Tourist may cut off and add in any expenditure during the trip and just travel the place they wanted to visit. For example, another tourist that wanted to visit Indonesia and he doesnt want to follow by tour he can choose where ever place to visit other than Jakarta. As for the budgeting of the cost of expense, the tours travelling package has already included everything from accommodation, air ticket, foods and others with a fix amount of money. The only budget to work out is for shopping or emergency use. But if following the FE, all of the above cost included in the tour has to calculated and figured out carefully because of its tight budget so that we wont over spend our money for unnecessary things. Safety Fourth angle would be safety issues. Safety is a very important factor when travelling. Visiting foreign places exposes the tourist into danger constantly because, due unfamiliar with the new place. Travelling by tour is said to be more secured because a tour guide is much more familiar with the trip and is responsible to put their clients safety as first priority. On the other hand, travelling in FE tourists safety is not assured to the maximum. Furthermore, cheaters usually pick on small group of foreign tourist to cheat on for their money, properties, and sexual violations too. Moreover, travel agencies make it a must for every client of theirs to first purchase travel insurance before travelling with them. Normally the insurance fees are already included together with the tour package. Therefore, obviously, there is much more level of protection. For FE insurance is an option to choose. Experience The experiences that tour tourists gain are different from free and easy tourists. Firstly, the people that tour meet are different from free and easy. In a tour, tourists are travelling in a big group, tourists have the chance of making new friends during the trip. Other than that, the fact that they all originated from the same country, communication is not a problem. After the trip, they are possible to become good friends. For free and easy, like hitch hiking it is normally done in a small group and usually good and close friends. Thus, they may not have the opportunity to social actively with the people of the country, but free and easy tourists have more opportunities to interact with the locals. For example, free and easy is more flexible though out the whole trip, they can choose things that they want to explore base on their desire and their time are always adjustable compare to the tour that is fully scheduled by travel agency, so free and easy tourists have more chances to interact with the locals peoples and explore the locals culture. Next, the commercial experience for tour and free and easy are not similar. When travelling with a tour, usually the travel agencies have a contract with local business in the country to make extra income that can lead to a raise in the economy for the particular country. Business for example, restaurants, shopping malls, galleries, local product shops will be a must stop for the tour. But for the free and easy, like hitch hikers normally look forward to the countrys beautiful scenery, local delicacies, local people, local culture and a whole new different experience. Ordinarily, tourist that takes this trip is to escape from the urban stress and not to face commercial promotions. Benefits The last angle is which method of traveling is most beneficial. Most of the time tourist will prefer travelling with the most convenient and discount rates. Convenience is very important when travelling because tourist expect to have least amount of stress and prefers to just sit back and relax. For that result, taking a packaged tour is most likely to be the best choice. By just choosing which country and they wish to explore any time of the year will do the deal, the else are all taken care by the agency itself. Furthermore, travel agencies has already commercialized into franchise retailers. In this modern era, everything can be done with the internet too, simplifying the whole process into just a click from a finger. On the other hand, FE will not be as convenient as the packaged tour. Air ticket has to be book much earlier for a cheaper price, and same goes to the hotel bookings too. All of the transaction have to be made via internet paying through credit card services. Any sud den changes will not be permitted as a fine will be charged. Next, travel agencies have connection all a around the world, hence having special promotions and price rates, according to the season. Tourist which prefers to enjoy everything with a simple decision will prefer it very much. Hence, travelling by tour is much more pocket- friendly. FE also has special promotions but only limited to a very short period of time only. In a nutshell, according to the article is most clearly stated that the benefits of taking a tour are much more compared to FE travelling. From six of the angles in the articles, specifically during the preparation of the trip at the beginning, the time consumed for preparation and processing the transaction, all the cost and expenses for tour package or FE tour, safety measurements for the trip, experience comparison among the methods of travelling and benefits awarded during the trip.

What Is A Feminist? :: essays research papers

FEM-I-NIST n. A person who is involved in the movement advocating the granting of the same social, political and economic rights to women as the ones granted to men. When asking the question, "What is a feminist?," I received some very strange responses. When I posed this question, the people who answered seemed to be confused about their own beliefs. The question was also much more controversial than I had anticipated. The group that I asked was comprised of six females and four males, and was only moderately ethnically diverse (being one African-American, one multiracial person and one Israeli). They had many ideas about what it meant to be a feminist. Going into this assignment, I assumed that everyone would have the same ideas about feminism that I did. I believe that a feminist can be many different types of people. My definition includes women who are not afraid of their own power, and are not afraid of the power of the patriarchal society, and stands up for what they believe in throughout every aspect of their life. There are also male feminists who recognize some of the wrongs that have been done to women, and support the movement to change them. A feminist can be the militant, angry female who thinks that men are against her or the soft-spoken pro-choice woman who believes in her right to choose her own health care. I believe that feminists come in all shapes and sizes, and may not be able to fit into the label that encompasses them. In my experiment, people's view of feminism came in two varieties. One version of answers focused on a positive view of feminism. After posing the question, a friend of mine named Katrina immediately responded, feminism is the "reason why you can have a bank account in your own name." Another friend, who considers herself a feminist, said that feminism is "a person who believes in complete equality; socially, economically and otherwise, between males and females." She also said "because we live in a heteropatriarchy, (feminism includes) going out of your way to support women and help lessen the gap - I will be post-feminist in the post patriarchy." I also heard from a friend named Beth that "a feminist is someone who believes in equal rights for women, even in football". She thinks that they "go out and fight, sometimes bra-less." Greta says that a feminist is "a person who respects and is considerate towards women's rights and will do anything in their power to achieve them.

The higher the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate the faster the :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The higher the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate the faster the reaction of the two liquids. Information. According to the kinetic theory all matter is made up of tiny, invisible particles that move all the time. When the temperature is increased around or on these particles, the faster they move. Heavier particles move more slowly than light ones at a given temperature. This theory defines the differences between solids liquids and gasses; in a gas the particles move freely and at random in all the space available, in solids particles only vibrate around fixed positions and in liquids the particles have some freedom and can move around each other. Using the kinetic theory we can explain changes in the state of substances as they are heated and cooled. We can also explain dissolving and diffusion using the kinetic theory. The kinetic theory says that gases diffuse to fill up the space around them. This explains how the smell of cooking can be smelt all over the house after a short period of time. It's not only gases that diffuse, diffusion occurs in liquids too. Diffusion involves the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration towards a region of lower concentration. The kinetic theory can be used to explain the factors affecting the rates of reaction, this is an extension to the kinetic theory called the collision theory. The collision theory says that Chemical reactions occur when particles of the reactants collide. They must collide with a certain minimum energy, called the activation energy. To summarise, the requirements for an effective collision (for a chemical reaction to occur): The reactants must collide with each other, The molecules must have sufficient energy to initiate the reaction (called activation energy). Planning This experiment is to discover what affects rate of reaction. In this experiment there are two solutions used, Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid. (Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid) (Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) In this reaction, a fine precipitate of sulphur slowly forms, to measure the rate of reaction, we time how long it takes to form the precipitate. Five of the most common ways to influence the rate of reaction can be explained using collision theory. They are: changing the nature of the reactants, changing the concentration of one or more of the reactants, changing the temperature at which a reaction is performed, changing the surface area of a solid reactant, adding a catalyst. I have chosen to study how the rate of reaction changes when the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate is varied. Before we could conduct the experiment there was some preliminary work to be done. This was to find out what amount of each liquid would be

Does Socrates see himself as the most important teacher in the city? :: Essays Papers

Does Socrates see himself as the most important teacher in the city? In Plato’s Apology of Socrates, Socrates has to defend himself to the city of Athens. The city of Athens is at odds with Socrates’ philosophy; it contradicted several Athenian beliefs. The city believed that Socrates was an atheist, that he was responsible for corrupting the youth, and that he made the weaker argument the stronger. Socrates believed that he was the most important teacher in the city therefore he continued to defend his actions and beliefs even when his life was on the line. He saw himself as the most important teacher after his visit to the oracle. He believed it was his mission to change the Athenians viewpoints, and he was willing to die for what he believed in. Socrates forced the Athenians to think and to question how they lived their lives. He was a great philosophizer and he knew how important he was to the city. The city did not share Socrates own view of himself as the most important teacher. They believed his philosophies were evil and they were willing to put him to death for his ideas. In Socrates’ first defense, he uses the story of the Delphic oracle. According to Socrates, the oracle once declared that no one was wiser than Socrates. At first Socrates thought the oracle to be wrong so he began to obtain evidence by conversing with wise people in order to refute the oracle: He examined the politicians, poets, and artisans and found that they were almost completely ignorant (except for the artisans, who at least knew well their own areas of expertise), and that all thought they knew things, especially â€Å"the greatest things,† but in fact they did not know them. Since Socrates was at least aware of his own ignorance, he ranked himself above them in wisdom. (18) Thus Socrates began to believe that he was the wisest person in the city. The oracle was a turning point in his life. Instead of focusing on astronomical and physical studies, he began to concern himself with moral and political opinions: â€Å"this turn to the examination of opinions brought Socrates into conflict with the city as such, for his doubt of the worth of generally accepted opinions was also a challenge to the most authoritative opinions, those which concern the city’s gods and the city’s laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (18). The fact that Socrates knew he was the wisest and that he began to concern himself with philosophies of the city shows that he saw himself as the most important teacher in the city.

History of Pakistan

My History Notes Harris Masood Dont D be Touch O Levelzo2 reproof 1- semi indemnity-making scienceal orientation of pakistan. bring up 2- ideology of pakistan in the light of both(prenominal)(prenominal)izements of quaid-i-azam and entirelyama iqbal nettle 3- the aligarh parkway chew 4- sir syed ahmad khan and his contri just at peerless timeions . twit 5- study semi semi policy-making extendments 1857-1918 chew the fat 6- the khilafat movement claver 7- Moslem policy-making sympathies in British india 1924-1935 lecture 8- whateverama iqbals presidential contend celestial latitude 1930 lecture 9- muslim establishment activity and chaudhry rahmat alilecture 10- the congress ministries policies towards muslims lecture 11- the lahore re stem, 1940. lecture 12- major political developments in 1945-46 lecture 13- towards independence, 1947 lecture 14- down the stairs(a)lying development in british india lecture 15- the problems of the naked as a jaybird country lecture 16- the objectives resolution (1949) lecture 17- organisational libe sites lecture 18- typography making(1947-56) yap away 1 political orientation of Pakistan political orientation of Pakistan Ideology is a ring of beliefs, values and whimls of a group and a commonwealth. It is sibyllinely ingrained in the loving brain of the populate.It is a slew of principles, a frame compute of action and guidance dodge that hold ups collection and cockeyeding to t unityspan and homosexual action. Ideology emphasizes on just more or less peculiar(a) principles, ideals and blueprint for the time to pick out. It is a limited review of the animated political, complaisant and economic systems that bring forth wittingness base on its principles. It legitimizes or delegitimizes plastered actions and philosophies. Ideology gives earth a explosive charge and conceptionview and its implementation is the certificate of indebtedness of the c one timern ed people. Ideology of Pakistan The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process.Historical experience provided the base every(prenominal) toldama Iqbal gave it a philosophic expla earth Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political existence and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by vent Objectives Resolution in litigate 1949, gave it jural sanction. It was due to the realization of the Moslems of S bug outh Asia that they atomic number 18 different from the Hindoos that they gestate oned clear up electorates. However when they realize that their time to come in a re symboliseative India dominate by Hindi bulk was non safe, they formd their demand to a disunite state.The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the Moslem lodge of South Asia to importanttain their identicalness in the Hindi society. The Moslems believed that Islam and Hinduism atomic number 18 non provided 2 religions, nevertheless argon two social order s that produced two discrete destinations. on that point is no compatibility among the two. A deep study of the hide of this bring fixs that the differences between Hindus and Islamics are non engrossed to the shin for political supremacy scarce are to a fault manifested in the brush of two social orders. disrespect surviving in concert for to a outstandinger extent than one thousand segments, they incubate to develop different flori farmings and traditions. Their eating habits, euphony, computer architecture and script, all are poles a sop up around. The background of the Moslem nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic instead they were a nation because they belonged to the verbalise(prenominal) faith, Islam. They demanded that the areas where they were in mass should be constituted into a sovereign state, wherein they could order their make outs in uniformity with the teachings of divine Quran and Sunnah of Holy milk-sic kusionist (PBUH). Evolution of ii res universala possiblenessConcept of Moslems as a country un unbeliefable before the arrangement of Pakistan. Pakistan was the product of this concept of nationhood rather than Pakistan creating a concept of nationhood. Retrospectively the Islamic patriotism emerged with the advent of Islam that introduced brisk principles pertinent to all stadium of life. It p presidential term issueged the redemption of the manhood establishing a benign society base on Quranic teachings. The beginning of the Moslem patriotism in the Sub-Continent may be attri only if whened to the stolon Indian who veritable Islam. The Arab traders had introduced the impudent religion, Islam, in the Indian coastal areas.Muhammad bin Qasim was the freshman Islamic invader who conquered some part of India and afterwards(prenominal) that, Mahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacks and opened the accession to preach Islam. The Islamic sufi (saints) handle Ali H ejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani and so forth entered Sub-Continent. They, rejecting the vices in the Indian society, presented the smooth practical picture of the teachings of Islam and got huge conversions. Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk for good established Moslem dynasty in India that followed Sultanate and Mughal dynasties. at that go netherfrom a strong Islamic alliance had emerged in India who had its hold counsel of life, traditions, eroes, biography and nicety. Islam could non be seizeed in Hinduism. Deen-e-Ilahi, Bakhti movements, and so on make waterd reaction amongst the Moslem ulama to preserve the pure Islamic example and save it from external onslaught. Role of tribal sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and an early(a)(prenominal)s is noneworthy. Equality and social justice excite conversions to Islam. The British won over the Muslim bumprs due to the industrial and scientific developments and youthful war strategy. The warfare of liberty (1857) was a shattering instal back to the Indian Muslims who were held responsible for the rebellion by the British.The Muslims were put into the deliberation with the table service of Hindus. This was one of the outstanding motivations that coat the focusing to make the associate personal personal individuality of patriotism, the Muslim guinea pigism. The Muslim scholars sought to clear up the teaching of Islamic uprightness and to advance its application in a Muslim society. The tumid comprise among them is Sir Syed Ahmad caravan inn (1817-98) who arouse and campaignd his community thoroughly in time. His preparational activityal agitate, the Ali-Garh movement, proved to be the pollper means of social mobility for the Muslim aristocracy under colonial rule.In 1885 the Indian field sexual relation was founded to indicate the beginning of the Indian nationalist movement under the British. The telling mode lead and serve uped the British rule. Sir Syed advised the Muslims not to coupling it because, he thought, the Muslims were not in bewilder to involve into the anti- governance activities. It has been argued that Sir Syeds fear of Hindu supremacy sowed the seeds for the Two Nations Theory later(prenominal) espoused by the entirely-India Muslim union, founded in 1906 and led to its demand for a fragmentize state for the Muslims of India.Sir Syed argued that onward- look education and non-political activities might be the pick out to Muslim advancement. The Ali-Garh movement produced educated leading who could protect the Muslims rights on the westward political lines. All India Muslim group discussion had been founded in Dhaka to movement loyalty to the British and to protect and advance the political rights and pursuals of the Muslims of India. thereof the concept of specialise electorates was put in the lead to dawn a new day for the Indian Muslims. The Two-Nation Theory served as the nucleotide of demand for Pakistan by the Muslims in British India.There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a community entirely a nation with a distinctive history, heritage, culture, obligingization, and rising aspirations. The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct personal individualism and advance their inte roosts in India. They wanted to order their run shorts in fit inance with their ideals and philosophy of life without be overwhelmed by an unsympathetic absolute bulk. Initially, they demanded safeguards, essential guarantees and a federal system of disposal with powers to the provinces for trade protection and advancement of their heritage, identity and inte domiciles. later, they demanded a give state when neither the British nor the Hindu majority community was uncoerced to offer those guarantees and safeguards. Hindoo-Urdu Controversy Hindu gospeller movements tump overed to a greater extent against the Muslims. Hindu nationalism was relate to the Muslim nationa lism. The Indian nationalism twinged Muslims to deck up themselves politically to obtain their interests effectively. aft(prenominal) 1857, Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the major break by the Hindus on Muslim heritage and legacy of the great Muslim Empire.Hindus were one-sided against Urdu as it was the Muslims oral communication. They demanded Hindi as the positive language replacing Urdu. There were demonstrations against Urdu by the Hindus in Banaras in 1867. It was the start of the Hindi-Urdu controversy. On the very(prenominal) issue, Sir Syed foretold about the unstable prospective of Hindu-Muslim unity. Hindus struggled vigorously to re indicate Urdu by Hindi in the offices. This enhanced the importance of the genius of Muslim separatism. The Muslim nationalism is manifested with the sumptuous principles to implement want 1. direct of Law, socio-economic justice, equity and clear play. 2. Equality of probability to all citizens disregarding of clan, sect, reli gion or region. 3. Religious and cultural tolerance. 4. Respect for tender dignity and rights. 5. shelter of the rights and interests of non-Muslims and independence to practice their beliefs and religions. These principles are enshrined in the geniuss. We ought to work towards realization of these goals in cosmos and create institutions and processes that reflect these principles and values. confabulate 2- Ideology of Pakistan in the begin of evidencements of QUAID-I-AZAM and ALLAMA Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of advancements of QUAID-I-AZAM and ALLAMA IQBAL The Development of Muslim Identity and Two-Nation Theory and Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Iqbal The sense of nationhood developed among the Muslims before the substantiation of Pakistan. Their goal was mostly to protect and promote their identity and interests and shape their lives in accord with their ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.They espouse the strategy to father constitutional safeguards from the British against the cruel majority of Hindus solely because of the antagonistic treatment from the rivals they set the goal of a separate state. Islam had fundamental place to their raise developments. The subprogram of lead is very important to put nation on the way. A good leadinghip infuses the qualities of advisedness, consciousness, mobilization, sense of direction, and defense against the adversaries. The Muslims were lucky having much(prenominal) competent leadinghip. Muhammad Ali JINNAH M. A.Jinnah was a history-making leader who changed the draw off across of history. He possessed a magician leadershiphip, commitment to the cause and political mobilization capacity. He was a Charismatic leader in the real sense of the meaning. character fibre OF JINNAH Jinnah played a decisive character reference in articulating the Muslim demands and pursuing these verbalism strong competition from the Hindus and the British. He started his political career in 1906 by connector the Indian depicted object social intercourse. He was select to the legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he also conjugate the All India Muslim compact (AIML).Now he was member of twain the political parties. Having dis bargain with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj ( self-rule), complete unbosomdom from the British and on using extra-constitutional means, Jinnah expeled from the intercourse in 1920. His primal efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when THE LUCKNOW PACT (1916) was signed. The Hindus reliable the Muslim demands correct Electorate One- trinity sit in central Legislature protection of minority rights In the Nehru repute, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated violence seriousy by presenting 14 Points in 1929.He defined Muslim identity and mobilized them with reference to Islam and convinced other(a)(a)s that Muslims are different from the Hindus and the re lative. Islamic principles, concepts and symbols surfaced in his speeches and statements. Jinnah used the term nation for the Muslims of India in Feb 1935 (legislative Assembly). He argued that the combination of religion, culture, race, arts, music and so forth make a minority a SEPARATE ENTITY. In bump into 1936 Bombay, he stated that the Muslims could find at a settlement with Hindus as TWO Nations. In 1937, he insist that there is also a deuce-ace troupe in India, the Muslims.In 1939, he roared that the Muslims and Hindus are two nations and they are going to live as a nation and performing part as a nation We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and honourable code, custom and calendar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions in short, we stomach our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all flowerpotnons of world-wide law, we are a nation. Speeches and statements 1940-47 Jinnah believed in the force of Islam as he evidence that Islam is a dynamic force that evoke fall in the Muslims.It can suspensor to overcome the present crisis. Its a start of dream and guidance providing ethical foundation, a framework, social order and civilization. Guidance & inspiration for constitution-making and brass He also talked of the juvenile notions of state, constitution, civil and political rights and democracy. He assured that constitution of Pakistan would be framed by the choose assembly. recent antiauthoritarian and Islamic State He gave assurance of equality of all citizens and rights and freedom to ghostly minorities in the new state. ALLAMA IQBAL POET AND PHILOSOPHERVISION OF A SEPARATE MUSLIM enunciate Men standardized Allama Iqbal are innate(p) but in centuries. He was conscious of significance of Islam in lives of the Muslims. His offset public appearance was in 1899 at the annual sitting of Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam in Lahore when he presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim. At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry contained verses handle Tarana-i- Hind. His poetry was a critique of the existing societal conditions. organism educated from Europe, he knew all wanton aspects of the westerly culture. He criticized capitalism, materialism and escape of spiritualism.IQBAL- Focus on the conditions of the Indian Muslims Islam can salvage the Muslims Islam has always protected Muslim Islam is a living and dynamic ideology that can meet forward-looking challenges Islam to help them to overcome their internal discord and alter them to meet external challenges With spiritualism ground derived from Islam Ijtehad and Reinterpretation (READ Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam) Address to the Muslim League session, Allahabad, declination 1930 I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan modify into a single state as a self regimen deep down t he British conglomerate or without.This is the last quite a little of the Muslims of N. W. India. (Dr Iqbals verses may be quoted) web site may also be visited Lecture 3 The Aligarh motion The Aligarh consummation The struggle of Independence 1857 end in a disaster for the Muslims. The British believed that the Muslims were responsible for the war of 1857 and therefore, they were subjected to ruthless penalty and merciless revenge. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their enemies because they had ousted them from power.With the war of 1857 this feeling was intensified and every attempt was do to ruin and seize the Muslims forever. Thus the Mughal rule came to an end and the sub- genuine went directly under the British crown. Sir Syed Ahmad caravan inn do modern education the way to progress After the Muslim rule, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes. The policy curb Arabic, Persian and spiritual educatio n in schools and make side as the only medium of instruction as well as the official language in 1835.A wrong attitude of everything modern and double-uern, and faltering to make use of the opportunities opening under the new regime was created among the Muslims. This tendency, had it continued long, would live with proved disastrous for the Muslim community. such were the days of despair and despondency when Sir Syed appeared on the horizon of Muslim India to rescue them. Sir Syed had the trust that regeneration of the Indian Muslims had not at all envisioned that man charitable had entered a very important phase of its existence, i. e. n era of perception and learning which was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for the regeneration of the Indian Muslims, which brought a complete orientation in their lives. He assay to transform Muslim minds from medieval outlook to a modern one. Hali and Shib li were also associated with the Aligarh accomplishment. Sir Syeds number 1ly and first objective was to modernize the Muslims following the tungstenern cultural values that could create couthie gentle wind for the two communities.He motivated his community to learn the Western philosophy and side literature to get along with the belief people. Therefore, in order to fulfill this go for he started the Aligarh movement. He had two agile objectives in view 1) To change the state of tension between the Muslims and the British political science, and 2) To sustain them to get jobs and other facilities under the new politics. To him, this was the only way for the Muslims to prosper. The ideas of Sir Syed may be summed up as following 1. To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the Muslims 2.To motivate the Muslims to learn Western education 3. To persuade Muslims to leave off from agitational politics Fortunately, Syed Ahmad khan wa s able to get in a number of sincere friends who shared his views and helped him. Among them were well-known figures like nabob Mohsin ul Mulk, nawab Viqar ul Mulk, Hali, Shibli, Nazir Ahmad, Chiragh Ali, Mohammad Hayat, and Zakaullah. All these personalities advocated the cause set by Sir Syed Ahmad caravansary. some(prenominal) English professors like Bech, Morison, capital of North Carolina and Arnold also contributed greatly in building up the Aligarh college into a first rate institution.Syed Ahmad launched his educational movement by stage setting up Gulshan School at Muradabad 1859 capital of Seychelles School at Gazipur in 1863 scientific Society for the translation of English full treatment in the native language, Urdu, at Aligarh in 1864 Aligarh Institute Gazette imparting entropy on history ancient and modern, science of agriculture, natural sciences, physical sciences and Advanced maths in 1866 Committee Striving for the educational Progress of Muslims 1870 Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental School (MAO) at Aligarh in 1875 at the pattern of English public schools and later raised to the take of college in 1877 and university in 1920 Mohammedan educational Conference (1886), which met every year to take stock of the educational problems of the Muslims and to persuade them to get modern education and abstain from politics it later became a political backtalk of the Indian Muslims and the forerunner of the All India Muslim league. Besides his big(p) theatrical image in the educational learn of the Muslims, Syed Ahmad caravan inns publications played important role in popularizing the ideals for which the Aligarh stood.His Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind in 1858 and other writings as Loyal Mohammedans of India Tabyin-ul-Kalam and Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya rooted out the misunderstandings about Islamic teachings and helped create a cordial relation between the British political science and the Indian Muslims and also helped to remove the misunders tanding about Islam and Christianity. It was this platform from where Syed Ahmad Khan strongly forbade the Muslims to conglutination the Hindu dominated political party, the Indian National coitus. He regretted the Urdu-Hindi controversy initiated by Hindus and predicted that both the nations could no longer live together. He stood for silent Movement theory. eats for Muslims and also promoted the idea that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations, which led to the Two Nation Syed Ahmad Khans Aligarh Movement played a strong role to bring about an talented revolution among the Indian Muslims. Thus Aligarh Movement succeeded in achieving its major objectives and boosted up the demoralize Muslim community to the real location of nation. Lecture 4 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and His Contributions Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and His Contributions The great emancipator of the Indian Muslims Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was innate(p) at Delhi in 1817. This is the result when the great Mughal Empire w as rigorous to a complete collapse.Sir Syeds family had already fall in the East India Company and his maternal grandfather served in Iran and Burma under the British government. Sir Syed got interest in English from his maternal family. SM Ikram writes, For this insight into the affairs of the state and first contacts with Western learning and civilization he was indebted to his maternal grandfather (S. M. Ikram, Modern Muslim India, p. 18). Sir Syed was very healthy by birth and his grandfather remarked A Jat has been natural in our family. (Ibid. , p. 19) The death of Sir Syed forced him to join the British as head shop assistant in 1839. The death of his brother make him serious and energetic to face the neuroses of life courageously. Another event that changed him entirely was the war of Independence in 1857.In 1841, he passed run and became sub-judge. At the eve of the struggle of Independence he was performing the duties as sub-judge in Bijnore. He established educat ional institutions and after coming at Aligarh he rejuvenated his aspirations to work for the depressed Muslims of the Subcontinent. He devoted his entire life for this purpose to bring the Muslims close to the British. He died on abut 27, 1898 and was buried in Aligarh. His Services He took responsibility of the Indian Muslims when they had been thrown in backwardness, opinion andn humiliation. The British held them criminal of the War piece of music the Hindus had won the British being anti-Muslim force.In such environment, Sir Syed guided his community to rejoin the life. To Dr Qalb-i-Abid, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was among a very few leaders produced by Muslim India, who like Mohammad Ali Jinnah made a tremendous component part in guiding the destinies of the Indian Muslims. (Dr Q. Abid, Muslim attempt for Independence, p. 11. ) Sir Syed and political sympathies In the political arena, Sir Syed shape numerous extend tores he eradicated misunderstandings between the Muslims and the British infused due to the past particular incidents. wake up among the Muslims about the political ups and downs and co-existence in the front line of other nations in India was another contribution of Sir Syed.He motivated the Muslims to absorb the modern education of the West because this was the very motive of the Western expansion in the world. He visualized the bright future of the Muslims if they engaged themselves in the Western learning. Sir Syed won the British self-assurance and cordial kinship by thriftiness their lives during the War of Independence. He utilized this consanguinity for the betterment of the Muslims. It was a subtle incident because the government had put the War crimes on the Muslim shoulders and misdemeanored their every aspect of life These events were a trauma for the Muslims the methods used by them shocked the civilized world. The detestation of Delhi as a centre of Muslim culture was horrendous Bahadur Shah Zafarwas exiled to Rango on Lt.Hodson shot three Mughal princes and later 24 princes were try and executed a vast ocean of blood there was more or less Muslims were shot assassinated and their dead bodies were thrown into the river Jamna (Ibid. , p. 14). All Muslims were ousted from land, property and employments that made them third class citizens of India. This created revengeful sentiments among the Muslims who despised British, their culture and civilization. Sir Syed was of the view that British were a civilized, educated, wise and disciplined nation and occupy India with the new war strategy and munitions that could not be matched by the locals and peculiarly by the Muslims.Therefore at the juncture the Muslims should mould themselves correspond to the stones throw of time to avoid more disaster. Sir Syed published Loyal Mohammedans of India and Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind that helped both the nations to damages their grievances. In 1885 the Indian National coition was founded but Sir Sye d warned the Muslims from the sinister aspirations of the Hindus. Another actor was that he intended the Muslims to abstain from the politics that could result in friction with the reigning nation. Urdu-Hindi Controversy Urdu grew as common language of all the Indians regardless of origin or religion but in 1867 the Benarsi Hindus started campaign to replace Urdu by Hindi.To gain the objectives, they declare numerous organizations, which discouraged Sir Syed who said to Shakespeare that since now both the nations could not live together. Later the followers of Sir Syed tried their level exceed to save Urdu language. Mohsin ul Mulk was the outstanding person who unionized the Muslims in defense of Urdu. Muslims-as a Nation Sir Syed used the word nation for the Muslims. Some writers criticize that he declared Hindus and Muslims one nation. But as a take of fact, he advocated the Hindu-Muslim unity that meant the working relationship between the two nations as once he said Hindus and Muslims should try to be of one mind in matters which alter their progress. He favored separate electorate for the Muslims in 1883 saying that the majority would over dislodgee the interests of the minority. (P. Hardy, pp. 136-37) unify Indian chauvinistic Association In 1888, he set up the Patriotic Association to meet the propaganda of the congress. Muslims and Hindus joined the Association. It advocated the Muslims emotions. Mohammedan Defense Association In celestial latitude 1893, Sir Syed founded the Association. Its main purpose was to protect the political, religious and social rights of the Muslims. Sir Syed was great because he contributed greatly to the Muslim struggle for identity. Otto von Bismarck served the German nation with the help of all government sources but Sir Syed did the same without all this.To Khalid stash away Sayeed, Many tributes commit been paid to Sir Sayyed, particularly by modern educated Muslims for being daring enough to put forward suc h views in an age which was by no means liberal or tolerant. (Dr Khalid Bin Sayeed, Pakistan, the Formative Phase, p. 17). Lecture 5- major Political Developments 1857-1918 Major Political Developments 1857-1918 The year 1857 brought decline to the Muslim rule in India. Muslims and Hindus participated in the War of Independence but the British held only Muslims responsible for the rebellion. The Muslims were persecuted ruthlessly and left at the mercy of time. The billet war era was disastrous for the Muslims but some personalities emerged on the national jibe and played excellent role to guide their people in this critical situation.The substitution Mohammedan Association of referee emir Ali Syed and the Aligarh movement are very prominent in this regard. Their efforts for revival of the self-identity and political stead in the Indian society enabled them to face any challenge in the future. Some important issues take up already been discussed in the previous lectures. So a drawing reference to events in historical context may be apt(p) autumn after the 1857 Uprising Sir Syed and his colleagues efforts for revival removal of misunderstanding between the Muslims and the British educational movement or acquisition of modern knowledge and English Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the issue that unearthed the hatred and enmity ofHindu community towards the Muslims. physical composition of the relative was a method to moderate the Muslims in Hinduism. It popularized the agitational politics that Muslims could not generate because they were still recovering the past gaps. Hindu Revivalist movements mostly targeted the Muslims that accelerated the pace of widening the gulf between the two nations. Events Since the Beginning of 20TH Century 1. zone of Bengal, 1905 2. Simla direction, 1906 3. organization of the Muslim League, 1906 4. motleys in the Goals of the Muslim League, 1913 5. Lucknow Pact, 1916 1 naval division of Bengal 1905 United Be ngals area covered 189,000 sq. miles with 80 one thousand thousand populations.Dr Abdul Hameed writes in his book, Muslim Separatism in India, that the partition was imperative even if Curzon had not initiated it. A Lt. Governor had problems in looking after the eastern areas. Mainly Muslim suffered because of the rotten administration by the British. forwards 1905, many intents of partition of Bengal had been under consideration but Lord Curzon decided to practicalise this administrative p jalopy. East Bengal became incidentally a Muslim majority province having 13000000 out of 31000000. West Bengal was a Hindu majority province. Muslims were very happy on the partition as this had enabled them to promote their life conditions.It was rightly an opportunity for compensation. The Muslim community support it strongly but Hindus retaliated furiously saying it the division of motherland. The carnal knowledge joined the anti-partition movement. They started widespread agitation, cr aze and boycott of foreign goods. The main undercoat of Hindu protest was that they had loosened entrap over the eastern parts. Annulment of the Partition on 12 declination 1911 The British government revoked the partition to avoid hustle on the visit of King George V. The Muslims were baffle by the government response to the scarlet strategy of protests adopted by the Hindus. 2 The Simla Deputation 1906In fact Simla Deputation was in line with a cordial of idea that was developing amongst the Muslims during that time i. e. they had certain interests and they essential stand up to protect their rights and unless they do that that objective would not be achieved. The Simla Deputation of 1906 was the first systematic attempt on the part of the Muslims to present their demands, to the British government and to seek their acceptance. The Simla deputation conciliated 35 Muslims from all over India. It was a galaxy of Muslims leaders from all the provinces, from one end of India to the other and it had Muslims of all background. Therefore, when in 1906, this deputation called on the vicereine, it was the most representative Muslim missionary work.This commissioning was led by Sir Agha Khan and Nawab Mohsin ul Malik served as a secretary and this delegation met the viceroy in Simla that was why it was called as Simla Deputation. The memorandum which they presented was a kind of demands which were the topmost in the minds of the Muslims at that time. The delegation emphasize that the Muslims should not be viewed simply in numerical terms but they should take into account their historical importance and the kind of contribution the Muslims had made to British India and holding in view that importance they should work towards accommodating their demands. The delegation emphasized that democratic principle should be introduced property in view the peculiar conditions and circumstances of India.The diversity, the fact that there different kinds of people l iving in India and the fact that the Muslims consider themselves to be a separate entity, all these things had to be taken into account because the India was not a homogenous amalgamated or massive political identity. It was a political identity comprising diversity, divergence in view, divergence in outlook and when you introduce some kind of system then these realities had to be accommodated. In view of this submission they presented some demands delegation more than their population because of their importance. single out electorate Reservations of Muslims lay in government jobs. Special look at in Municipal or district boards University senates and yndicates Muslim mold in Viceroy executive Council. Muslim University at Aligarh. The Viceroy was sympathetic towards the demands. It encouraged the Muslims to launch struggle for their rights parallel to the Indian National recounting but it undeniable an organized platform. 3 Formation of the Muslim League in Dhaka celestia l latitude 30, 1906 Time had come to formally organize the Muslims after the success of the Simla Deputation. The Muslim leaders desired to create a permanent political forum. After the run across of the Mohammedan educational Conference, the Muslim leaders met to set up the All India Muslim League. Wiqar-ul-Mulk chaired the meeting.Nawab Salimullah proposed Muslim League and hakim Ajmal Khan and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan back uped. In the Karachi academic session Dec. 1907 its constitution was approved and in butt 1908 at Aligarh, Agha Khan was formally pick out its president. capital of the United Kingdom Branch may 1908 Justice Amir Ali Syed organised a limb of Muslim League at London and responded effectively to the misunderstandings and conspiracies of the Hindus against the Muslims. GOALS 1. Protection and promotion of political rights and interests of the Muslims. 2. Cooperation with other communities without prejudice to the above goal. 3. further sense of loyalty, amo ng the Muslims, towards the government 4 Change in the Goals of the Muslim League 1913Important developments occurred during the first decade of the twentieth century like annulment of the Partition of Bengal and Western enmity towards Muslim countries, Balkan wars, Libya-Italy war, Demolition of the mosque in Kawnpur (1913), etcetera weakened Muslim faith in the British. This led to a major bluster in the Muslim Leagues policy. In 1913, the League changed its goals Self government under the British Crown keeping in view the peculiar conditions in India. Good relations with other communities cooperation with any party working for similar goals. This change brought the ML and sexual intercourse closer. In this way the era of cooperation between Hindus and Muslims set in. The role of the Quaid-i-Azam is highly noteworthy to bring the recounting and the Muslim League to the table. He joined the Muslim League in 1913. 5 Lucknow Pact, 1916The Lucknow pact was the product of Hindu- Muslim unity envisaged by M. A. Jinnah. In declination 1915, the ML and Congress met separately in Bombay. Both the parties set up committees for making a scheme for constitutional changes in consultation with other political parties. Role of the Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah did a lot to unite the two nations along with the information of the rights of Muslims. Meeting of both parties held at Lucknow in 1916. The constitutional proposals were approved 1. One third base seating for Muslims in the Imperial legislative Council. 2. Separate Electorate 3. Half members of the Executive Council to be elected by the Imperial Legislative Council. 4. missionary stationed ranks of the army for Indians. 5.Expansion of provincial Legislative Councils. 6. Half members of the Governors Executive Council be elected by churl Legislative Council 7. Weightage to minorities in provinces. Gains from Muslim Point-of-view 1. Separate Electorate 2. One Third Muslim seating room in cardinal Legislature. 3. Unofficial bill, if debate by three-fourth members of a community, it go out not be passed. August 20, 1917 Announcement by British Government Secretary of State Montagu promised for 1. Greater association of Indian in all branches of government. 2. Responsible government 3. knowledgeableness of Indians in the commissioned ranks. Conclusion The historical struggle of the Muslims confirmed their identity.They organized their political party to address the demands. They also got cognizance by the Hindus as a separate nation. The British accepted their role in the political domain. Lecture 6 The Khilafat Movement The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement launched by the Muslims of British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the control of Muslim consecrated places to non-Muslims. bomb calorimeter sided with Germany in World War 1. As it began to lose the war, concerns were explicit in India about the future of Turkey. It was a degree period from 1919 to 1922 casting demonstrations, boycott, and other squash by the two major communities, the Hindus and the Muslims.Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to help the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial attachments based on Islam. Another factor same to the first was that the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the Muslim world as Ummah. Goals 1. Ottoman Khilafat should be unbroken intact. 2. Territorial solidarity of Turkey be preserved. 3. pick up of holy the places should not be given to non-Muslims. Dimensions The writings of the Muslim intellectuals provoked the sentiments for the delivery of Khilafat and retention of the Muslims control of the holy places. The Muslims news media played a vital role to steer the direction of the struggle.Zamindar of Zafar Ali Khan, Comrade and Hamdard of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, and Al-Hilal of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad etc. were the prominent newspap ers and magazines which per organise their duties to express their resentment. The Allies impose humiliating terms on vanquished Turkey. Protests in India All India Khilafat Committee was formed at Bombay in July 1919. The first Khilafat Conference at Delhi in November 1919 was arrange in which the Congress leaders like Gandhi and Nehru participated. In this way, the major political parties joined hands to assault the injustice with the Muslim community. These steps were announce No participation in achievement celebrations. ostracise of British goodsNon Cooperation with the Government The second Khilafat Conference (Amritsar) was held in Dec. 1919. Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali joined the session after being released from prison. In Jan. 1920, M. A. Ansari led a delegation to Viceroy era Maulana M. A. Jauhar to Europe. The Khilafat Committee decided to start non-cooperation in collaboration with the Congress in whitethorn 1920. Rowlett Act, 1919 Rowlett Act was a black law introduced in India. To the law, the government got authority to persecute any Indian and the arrested had no eagerness of legal assistance and right to petition just as the Lettres de Cachet in France before the French Revolution.Jinnah resigned from the central legislative assembly as a protest. Jallianwala Bagh Incident, April 1919 The people garner in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar but popular Dyer opened fire to disperse the large number that cast a huge human casualties (379). It is considered one of the great tragedies in India. In 1940, by killing Governor Punjab, Sir Michaal O Dayer, Ram Muhammad Singh Azad got revenge of the Indian massacre. The Nagpur Session of the Congress (Dec. 1920) approved non-cooperation with Government but Jinnah pushd and left the Congress because he was against the use of extra-constitutional means of protests. Non-Cooperation Return Titles. Boycott of courts and educational institutions. Resign from jobs. Later resign from jurispru dence and military jobs. Refusal to pay taxes. Khilafat Conference, Karachi, July 1921 In the session the participants expressed their loyalty to Turkish Sultan. They decided to continue the agitation and supported Attaturk to expel foreign forces from Turkey. Hijrat Movement 1920-21 The Indian ulama (religious leaders) declared India Darul Harab. Darul Harab means the place (country) where Muslims are not allowed to perform their religious practices. In the said situation, the Muslims should migrate to the warm safe place. The ulama issued verdicts to go to Darul Islam, Afghanistan.There was an sentiment that King of Afghanistan would welcome them. So the migration took place at large scale. Initially Afghans welcomed them. Later, they close the border and pushed the migrants back to the Indian territories. It resulted in loss of lives and money. Many died during this mission. Some went to Soviet Union from Afghanistan because they had nothing in India now. break of the Movem ent Moplah Revolt Malabar Coast, near Kalicut Moplahs were the descendents of the Arab Muslims colonized in the Sub-Continent even before the reaching of Muhammad Bin Qasim. In August 1921, they revolted against Hindu landlords whose treatment was very brutal with them.Later this light touch changed as Moplahs versus the Police and Hindu. This embittered the Hindu-Muslim relations. There was an emergence in violence day by day and the Chorachori Incident (UP) in February 1922 turn the situation. The Congress volunteers set a police station on fire and 21 policemen were killed. Gandhi suddenly called off the movement. Developments in Turkey In 1922 Attaturk emerged as a national leader and dependant powers of Sultan. Next he was appointed Chief of the state by Grand National Assembly. In March 1924, Khilafat was abolished. This caused a widespread resentment among the Indian Muslims. They sent delegations to Turkey but failed to achieve their objectives. Conclusions 1.It was re -affirmation of the reality that religion is a mobilizing force and curiously Islam has mobilization capacity to organize masses. 2. It was the movement launched on the basis of extra-territorialism. Later, no such movement but Pan-Islamic sentiments continued. 3. It resulted in the sufferings of the Muslims 4. Hindu-Muslim unity proved short-lived. Reactivation of the Muslim League and other Muslim organizations to restart their activities as a separate nation was the great outcome. Lecture 7 Muslim authorities in British India 1924-1935 Muslim Politics in British India 1924-1935 1. Delhi Muslim Proposals 2. Nehru constitution 3. Quaid-i-Azams Fourteen Points 4. Simon Commission 5. pear-shaped Table Conferences 6. fundamental Proposals BackdropThe Khilafat movement brought Hindu-Muslim communities to cooperation. The leaders made the efforts to revive harmony for preparing constitutional proposals. 1 Delhi Muslim Proposals March 1927 Important Muslim leaders on the initiativ e of the Quaid met in Delhi to discuss constitutional and political issues. The major demands were Punjab and Bengal statuary Muslim majorities No Weightage in provinces Sind to be separated from Bombay Constitutional Reforms in NWFP One-third put for Muslims in Central Legislature On communal issues, no law will be passed if three-fourth members of the concerned community oppose it. If these demands are accepted, they will give up separate electorate. Subsequently, the Muslim League was divided in the Punjab, Shafi League and Jinnah League. Sir Muhammad Shafi opposed Jinnah on the issues Separate electorate Attitude towards the Simon Commission. Jinnah continued his eternal efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity. 2 The Nehru Report 1928 The main objective was to constitute proposals for the Indian Constitution. The Congress called All Parties Conference that appointed a 10-member committee in May 1928 under the Chairmanship of Motilal Nehru and Secretary ship of Jawaharla l Nehru. Recommendations that threatened Muslim interests are No Separate electorate No One-third seats for Muslims in Central Assembly No reservation of seats for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal. In Hindu- majority provinces, the Muslims may be given seats jibe to population Sind to be made a province if it can bear its expenses. Balochistan, NWFP were accepted to be given constitutional military position on certain conditions. Quaid-i-Azam tried to get amendments in the Report in the All Parties Conference in Calcutta but did not succeed. This is the very moment when Jinnah remarked, it is parting of the ways. He presented the 14 points as a Muslim leader. 3 Jinnahs Fourteen Points 1929 1. federal system with residuary powers with the provinces 2. Provincial autonomy. 3. Separate electorate for Muslims. 4.Effective mental re show to minorities in the provinces but the majority should not be reduced to minority 5. One-third representation of Muslims in Central Legislature. 6. One third Muslim representation in cabinets. 7. No changes in the boundaries of the Punjab and Bengal that would adversely affect Muslim majority. 8. Religious freedom to all. 9. No law will be passed if three-fourth elected members of a community declare that it is against their interests. 10. Sind to be made a separate province. 11. Constitutional Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan. 12. Muslim representation in govt. jobs. 13. Constitutional safeguards for Islamic culture and civilization, education, language, personal laws and Muslim institutions.Government should provide pecuniary assistance. 14. No constitutional amendment unless all essential units of the federation agree to it. These points reflected the aspirations of every Muslim living in India. 4 The Simon Commission The British government sent a commission to seek the opinion of Indians on the future shape of constitutional arrangements. It arrived in India in 1927 and it published the report in 1930. Most political parti es boycotted it. It presented its report containing several constitutional proposals Federal system of government with strong centre Two Houses. abolishment of Dyarchy system in provinces more powers to provincial governments. Governor not to deputise in day to day affairs. Constitutional changes in NWFP 5 roundtable Conferences 1930, 1931, and 1932 eldest Session of the Conference In the first session, a number of prominent Muslims like M. A. Jinnah, Sir Shafi, Maulana M. A. Jauhar, Zafarullah Khan participated. They emphasized federalism, self- government, safeguards for minorities, separate electorate, invidious representation in central legislative assembly, near majorities in Punjab and Bengal. Second Conference Maulana M. A. Jauhar had died after the first conference. Iqbal, Jinnah and others participated in the second conference. Gandhi correspond the Congress.The key issues of the session were Federation and Minorities. The communal Award, August 1932 Prime Mini ster Ramsay MacDonald proclaimed the Communal Award 1. Separate electorate for all minorities of India. 2. Weightage to minorities 3. No Muslim majorities in Punjab and Bengal as was followed in Lucknow Pact 4. One third representation for Muslims in Central legislature 5. One fourth representation for Muslims in services 6. Sind to be made a province Poona Pact, September 1932 The Congress expressed strong reaction against the right of separate electorate to the Indian minorities, especially to low rank Hindus whom Gandhi named Harijan (sons of God).Dissonance in Gandhi is conspicuous that he notice fast unto death on the right to the sons of God. An agreement with low caste to surrender the separate electorate right was conclude to save Gandhis life. 3rd Roundtable Conference Nov. 17-Dec. 24 1932 The main issues had been discussed in the first two conferences and now the rest of them were to be discussed. It was poorly attended conference. Quaid did not participate despite li ving in London. Gandhi did not attend as he had been detained. The conference brought no change in party positions and widened Hindu-Muslim gulf. White Paper on Constitutional Proposals March 1933 The British government issued a small document in the form the White Paper.It included feature of working basis of the Indian constitution with Dyarchy in the centre and full responsible governments in the provinces. Government of India Act, 1935 ratified by the King August 1935 Despite these efforts the communal problems could not be settled as satisfactory to the nations living in India particularly the Muslim. Therefore the key issues remained unchanged Hindu Muslim Relations visitation to arrive at settlement Muslim demands transmuted from safeguarding rights to complete independencePakistan. Lecture 8 ALLAMA IQBALs Presidential Address December 1930 ALLAMA IQBALs Presidential Address December 1930 Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal ranks amongst the Muslim intellectuals who left a deep impact on history.He inspired Muslims of the Sub-Continent and beyond. He infused a moving spirit and identity in the Indian Muslims. He presented a framework of their political future and talked how that would help to achieve the goal of Ummah. He presented a vision and dream in his Allahabad Address. 1 Background The Hindu-Muslim question had great importance and stood crucial to British Indian history after 1857, especially in the 20th century. To Muslims, the key issue remained separate identity. They tried their level best to make the rival nations understand that the Muslims are a separate nation having different culture and civilization, interests and rights.The Two Nations theory could not fascinate the Hindus and the British peoples because they believed in territorial nationalism. The Hindus desired to absorb them in their majority but they could not face the arguments of the Muslim intellectuals. By 1930, Muslims had developed a sense of identity and political demands. Iqbal delivered his Presidential address in this background. Iqbals stay in Europe, 1905-08, helped to crystallize his thoughts. He returned to India in 1908 and started work on the root of Muslim decline and the mechanism to uplift the Muslims. He reminded them to follow the teachings of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) practically as the ideal leader. He emphasized on the ideals, teachings and principles of Islam.He sought repurchase through Islam. He was awarded with many prominent social positions Title of Sir was conferred in 1922 outgrowth Punjab Legislative Council (1927-1930) He delivered lectures on Islam in Aligarh, Hyderabad and Madras (1928-29). At Allahabad, he presided over the meeting and delivered his famous address. The Address, December 1930 Iqbal presented a review of the political and social situation of India and solution of the ills befalling India. He evaluated the importance of role of Islam in the lives of Muslims of British India. He said that the European view o f duality of religion and state does not apply here in the Indian society.Rejecting the secularism he said, religion is not a totally personal affair. He explained that Islam offers an ethical order, socio-political structure, legal framework, code of life, culture and civilization. It is a living, dynamic force that has a profound impact on the lives of Indian Muslims. With the force of Islam the scattered and disoriented people have been turned into an organized force. The Muslims are not willing to submerge their religious individuality. They have lack of trust, fear of supremacy from Hindus. If the British want any come apart of internal harmony it would be inconceivable unless the communal question is settled. Its historical reality that India is a continent populate by diverse people.No political arrangement may be acceptable without recognizing this reality. If the Muslims have an opportunity to develop in conformance with their Islamic civilization and tradition, they would be willing to sacrifice their lives for India. Federalism cannot succeed without recognizing the national identity of the Muslims. Territorial redistribution of British India on the basis of religion has become a motivation of time. Punjab, NWFP, Sind and Balochistan be amalgamated into a state, self government within the British empire or without it. The formation of such a consolidated North Western Muslim state appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North West India.To India, it will offer peace and protective covering due to internal balance of power. Islam is a people building force in India that has given moral consciousness and political identity to the people. Importance Iqbals address is a forceful and logical presentation of the Muslim case in India. why should they be treated as a political entity rather than a minority? Territorial adjustments will enable the Muslims to develop themselves in accordance with their ideals and serve the cau se of Ummah. Redistribution of territory developed later on concept of Muslim homeland. He further expressed these ideas in LETTERS TO JINNAH from May 1936 to November 1937.He talked of a separate federation of Muslim provinces. The North Western India and Bengal can be considered as entitle to self-determination like other nations in India and outside. Shariahs development is impossible without a free Muslim state or states. He advised the Muslims to be above opportunism and devote themselves to Islam. In difficult times, Islam has saved the Muslims. Faith, culture and historical traditions are more important than patriotism. Lecture 9 Muslim Politics and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali Muslim Politics and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali Intellectuals give lines of movement, leaders act upon and the masses prove good soldiers and this way nations accomplish their achievements.Rahmat Ali was one of the eminent scholars who made a prodigious contribution to the movement for the establishment of Pakis tan. He was conscious of Muslim identity and draw proposals for the partition of India for the sake of Muslims. He was the man who coined the name, PAKISTAN, for the Muslim state. When he first presented his proposal for a Muslim state, nobody took it seriously. The Muslim intellectuals and leaders were concerned about the future of the Muslims in India. They ensured a secure future for Muslims. For this purpose they worked out various proposals for securing a homeland. Rahmat Ali becomes relevant here. Biographical Sketch Ch. Rahmat Ali was born in Hoshiarpur district in 1893. traditionally he did his B. A. from Islamia College, Lahore.He did the private and government jobs for some time and then left for Cambridge University for higher(prenominal) education. He was involved actively in the activities for the protection of rights of the Indian Muslims along with some other assimilators at Cambridge University. His activism goes back to his student days in Lahore when he talked of separate state for Muslims of India. Rahmat Alis Views He said that North Western areas are Muslim majority ares. We will not only keep these majorities but will turn them into a Muslim state. Muslims should get rid of Indianism, it is better for Muslims and Islam. In his writing, NOW OR NEVER (January 1933), he proposed the name of Muslim state, PAKISTAN. P Punjab A Afghania NWFP K Kashmir S Sind TAN BalochistanINDIA cannot be exposit as a state/country or home of single nation. This state did not exist as one political entity before the advent of the British. The Muslims are a distinct nation who has maintained its identity throughout. They are a separate nation. They have as much right to live as the Hindus. Pakistan should be separated from the rest of India. He further said that the deviation between Muslims and Hindus is not religious, sectarian or economic but an international. The Muslims are tenor for survival Hindus are trying for control over the other nations living in the Sub-Continent particularly the Muslims. He established the Pakistan National Movement in 1940.He began to talk about Bengal and Hyderabad as Muslim areas and separate states. Bang-i-Islam would comprise of Bengal and Assam and Osmanistan of Hyderabad Deccan. He visited Pakistan in 1948 but the atmosphere of the motherland did not suit him and so he returned to Cambridge. He died there on 11 February 1951. His Contribution It is the ever-shining contribution of Rahmat Ali that he coined the name of the Muslim state. He said that being nation, the Indian Muslims deserved a separate homeland. He gave the future lines to the Muslims considering Islamic thoughts universal and true in coincidence with the contemporary isms. When the Lahore Resolution was passed, it was instantly described as Pakistan Resolution.It, the division of India, was the solution of Hindu-Muslim question but Rahmat Ali proposed this long before the Lahore Resolution. Lecture 10 The Congress Ministries Po licies towards Muslims The Congress Ministries Policies towards Muslims Topics 1. Elections 2. Provincial Governments 3. Their Policies 4. Muslim Response Government of India Act, 1935 The Government of India Act, 1935 was not fully promulgated but the only provincial part was introduced in the country. Muslim League and the Congress criticized it but agreed to contest provincial elections. The 1937 Elections The elections of 1937 were held with the restricted franchise and separate electorate.The Congress intercommunicate itself as an all-India force representing all religions and factions of the society. The Muslim League contested for the Muslim seats. There was a tough competition from the other Muslim organizations. The elections were completed in February 1937. The Congress got majorities in five provinces, Madras, U. P. , C. P. , Bihar, and Orissa. It emerged as the largest party in Bombay and won 704 out of 1585 normal seats. The Muslim League performed poorly in the elect ions and got only about 21 percent of Muslim seats without winning majority anywhere, Bengal, Punjab, NWFP, and Sind. It was mostly due to the organizational problems and opposition by local Muslim groups. Formation of Provincial GovernmentsIn July 1937, Congress formed governments in 6 provinces. In NWFP, Khudai Khidmatgar and Congress formed a coalition government. In the Muslim majority provinces, the Muslim League could not form the governments. The Muslim League desired to be in government in the U. P. but the Congress consented to a conditional support 1. Dissolve AIML parliamentary Board 2. AIML members not to function as a separate group 3. AIML members to express allegiance to the Congress Definitely the preceding(prenominal) terms were a device to cut the existence of the Muslim League. Therefore, no agreement was possible on this issue. Policies of the Congress Governments (July 1937-Nov. 939) start-off all Congress governments in the provinces launched anti-Muslim d rive basically to exclude the ML and other Muslim organizations from the government making process. The Congress leaders had come to know that the ML had got roots in the masses. They started Muslim concourse Contact movement to defame the ML in their favour. They were making cultural and educational policies that promoted the Hindu culture and symbols in the name of Indian culture. They introduced Banda-Mataram anthem from Annandmath in the institutions and offices etc. The Hindi language was given top most importance in their policies. Wardha Educational Scheme was to convert Muslims into Hindus through firsthand educational literature.Projection of Hindu heroes like Gandhi and twist of Muslim history became their moral creed. They followed the policy of discrimination in services or new recruitment for jobs. The Congress ministries adopted overall negative and cruel attitude, especially towards the Muslim activists. This unjust treatment compelled the Muslims to be disciplined in every sphere of life. Muslim Response The Muslims were well aware of the theocratic inclination of the Hindu people. They arranged a close monitoring of the government. They air their policies and raised the issues. The mobilization of Muslims on these matters required keen probe to collect the reliable facts of the Hindu atrocities. The Pirpur ReportOn March 28, 1938, the Council of ML appointed an eight-member committee under the presidentship of Raja Syed Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur that presented its report on, November 15, 1938. It tried to dig out the cruelties of the Congress ministries in seven provinces. The report took up the Congress support to the rival Muslim organizations, bullying and threats to the pro-Muslim League people. The Sharif Report, March 1939 The ML deputed Mr. Shareef with members to check out the injustices under the dictatorial rule of the Hindus. This report mainly collected the facts, concentrating on ill treatment of the government with the Musl ims in Bihar. The Fazl-ul- Haq Report (December 1939) A. K. Fazl-ul-Haq published a pamphlet entitled Muslim Sufferings Under the Rule of Congress and made many alarming revelations e. g. orbidding of Azan, attacks in mosques, noisy processions of the Hindu scoundrels, forbidding of the cow-slaughter etc. This pamphlet responded the indictments by the Congress on the Muslims. All the reports described the Congress government as an attempt to create Hindu Raj that wanted to overwhelm the Muslim culture and their identity. It was a rigorous threat to the Muslims interests. Muslim League Activism The Muslim League highlighted the issues and mobilized the Muslims to takings them adequately. It reorganized the Muslim community to lie with with the situation. The ML arranged its session at Lucknow in October 1937. Many prominent leaders like Fazlul Haq participated in the session era SikanderHayat and Saadullah announced their support to the ML. The Muslim leaders shed a sharp rebuke on the Congress policies. They protested against the reduction of term of Urdu and other Muslim related issues. They created realization, amongst the Muslims, of what can happen under the Congress rule and urged for serious thinking about the future political and constitutional arrangements. They unearthed the real objectives of the Congress and urged the need of unity among the Muslims under the measure of Muslim League. The Second World War (September 1939) proved blessing for the Muslims in a sense that the Congress Ministries resigned in November 1939.The Muslims observed Day of Deliverance on December 22, 1939. The ML redefined its position during the World War II. They expressed their enthusiasm that no constitution to be enforced without the consent of the Muslims. They eradicated their organizational weaknesses and refined their objectives keeping the experiences of the Congress ministries. Lecture 11 The Lahore Resolution, 1940 The Lahore Resolution, 1940 The experience of Congress Rule compelled the Muslims to launch the movement for separate homeland. The Hindus made them realize that Hindu government would mean an anti-Muslim ru