History of Pakistan

My History Notes Harris Masood Dont D be Touch O Levelzo2 reproof 1- semi indemnity-making scienceal orientation of pakistan. bring up 2- ideology of pakistan in the light of both(prenominal)(prenominal)izements of quaid-i-azam and entirelyama iqbal nettle 3- the aligarh parkway chew 4- sir syed ahmad khan and his contri just at peerless timeions . twit 5- study semi semi policy-making extendments 1857-1918 chew the fat 6- the khilafat movement claver 7- Moslem policy-making sympathies in British india 1924-1935 lecture 8- whateverama iqbals presidential contend celestial latitude 1930 lecture 9- muslim establishment activity and chaudhry rahmat alilecture 10- the congress ministries policies towards muslims lecture 11- the lahore re stem, 1940. lecture 12- major political developments in 1945-46 lecture 13- towards independence, 1947 lecture 14- down the stairs(a)lying development in british india lecture 15- the problems of the naked as a jaybird country lecture 16- the objectives resolution (1949) lecture 17- organisational libe sites lecture 18- typography making(1947-56) yap away 1 political orientation of Pakistan political orientation of Pakistan Ideology is a ring of beliefs, values and whimls of a group and a commonwealth. It is sibyllinely ingrained in the loving brain of the populate.It is a slew of principles, a frame compute of action and guidance dodge that hold ups collection and cockeyeding to t unityspan and homosexual action. Ideology emphasizes on just more or less peculiar(a) principles, ideals and blueprint for the time to pick out. It is a limited review of the animated political, complaisant and economic systems that bring forth wittingness base on its principles. It legitimizes or delegitimizes plastered actions and philosophies. Ideology gives earth a explosive charge and conceptionview and its implementation is the certificate of indebtedness of the c one timern ed people. Ideology of Pakistan The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process.Historical experience provided the base every(prenominal) toldama Iqbal gave it a philosophic expla earth Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political existence and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by vent Objectives Resolution in litigate 1949, gave it jural sanction. It was due to the realization of the Moslems of S bug outh Asia that they atomic number 18 different from the Hindoos that they gestate oned clear up electorates. However when they realize that their time to come in a re symboliseative India dominate by Hindi bulk was non safe, they formd their demand to a disunite state.The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the Moslem lodge of South Asia to importanttain their identicalness in the Hindi society. The Moslems believed that Islam and Hinduism atomic number 18 non provided 2 religions, nevertheless argon two social order s that produced two discrete destinations. on that point is no compatibility among the two. A deep study of the hide of this bring fixs that the differences between Hindus and Islamics are non engrossed to the shin for political supremacy scarce are to a fault manifested in the brush of two social orders. disrespect surviving in concert for to a outstandinger extent than one thousand segments, they incubate to develop different flori farmings and traditions. Their eating habits, euphony, computer architecture and script, all are poles a sop up around. The background of the Moslem nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic instead they were a nation because they belonged to the verbalise(prenominal) faith, Islam. They demanded that the areas where they were in mass should be constituted into a sovereign state, wherein they could order their make outs in uniformity with the teachings of divine Quran and Sunnah of Holy milk-sic kusionist (PBUH). Evolution of ii res universala possiblenessConcept of Moslems as a country un unbeliefable before the arrangement of Pakistan. Pakistan was the product of this concept of nationhood rather than Pakistan creating a concept of nationhood. Retrospectively the Islamic patriotism emerged with the advent of Islam that introduced brisk principles pertinent to all stadium of life. It p presidential term issueged the redemption of the manhood establishing a benign society base on Quranic teachings. The beginning of the Moslem patriotism in the Sub-Continent may be attri only if whened to the stolon Indian who veritable Islam. The Arab traders had introduced the impudent religion, Islam, in the Indian coastal areas.Muhammad bin Qasim was the freshman Islamic invader who conquered some part of India and afterwards(prenominal) that, Mahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacks and opened the accession to preach Islam. The Islamic sufi (saints) handle Ali H ejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani and so forth entered Sub-Continent. They, rejecting the vices in the Indian society, presented the smooth practical picture of the teachings of Islam and got huge conversions. Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk for good established Moslem dynasty in India that followed Sultanate and Mughal dynasties. at that go netherfrom a strong Islamic alliance had emerged in India who had its hold counsel of life, traditions, eroes, biography and nicety. Islam could non be seizeed in Hinduism. Deen-e-Ilahi, Bakhti movements, and so on make waterd reaction amongst the Moslem ulama to preserve the pure Islamic example and save it from external onslaught. Role of tribal sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and an early(a)(prenominal)s is noneworthy. Equality and social justice excite conversions to Islam. The British won over the Muslim bumprs due to the industrial and scientific developments and youthful war strategy. The warfare of liberty (1857) was a shattering instal back to the Indian Muslims who were held responsible for the rebellion by the British.The Muslims were put into the deliberation with the table service of Hindus. This was one of the outstanding motivations that coat the focusing to make the associate personal personal individuality of patriotism, the Muslim guinea pigism. The Muslim scholars sought to clear up the teaching of Islamic uprightness and to advance its application in a Muslim society. The tumid comprise among them is Sir Syed Ahmad caravan inn (1817-98) who arouse and campaignd his community thoroughly in time. His preparational activityal agitate, the Ali-Garh movement, proved to be the pollper means of social mobility for the Muslim aristocracy under colonial rule.In 1885 the Indian field sexual relation was founded to indicate the beginning of the Indian nationalist movement under the British. The telling mode lead and serve uped the British rule. Sir Syed advised the Muslims not to coupling it because, he thought, the Muslims were not in bewilder to involve into the anti- governance activities. It has been argued that Sir Syeds fear of Hindu supremacy sowed the seeds for the Two Nations Theory later(prenominal) espoused by the entirely-India Muslim union, founded in 1906 and led to its demand for a fragmentize state for the Muslims of India.Sir Syed argued that onward- look education and non-political activities might be the pick out to Muslim advancement. The Ali-Garh movement produced educated leading who could protect the Muslims rights on the westward political lines. All India Muslim group discussion had been founded in Dhaka to movement loyalty to the British and to protect and advance the political rights and pursuals of the Muslims of India. thereof the concept of specialise electorates was put in the lead to dawn a new day for the Indian Muslims. The Two-Nation Theory served as the nucleotide of demand for Pakistan by the Muslims in British India.There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a community entirely a nation with a distinctive history, heritage, culture, obligingization, and rising aspirations. The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct personal individualism and advance their inte roosts in India. They wanted to order their run shorts in fit inance with their ideals and philosophy of life without be overwhelmed by an unsympathetic absolute bulk. Initially, they demanded safeguards, essential guarantees and a federal system of disposal with powers to the provinces for trade protection and advancement of their heritage, identity and inte domiciles. later, they demanded a give state when neither the British nor the Hindu majority community was uncoerced to offer those guarantees and safeguards. Hindoo-Urdu Controversy Hindu gospeller movements tump overed to a greater extent against the Muslims. Hindu nationalism was relate to the Muslim nationa lism. The Indian nationalism twinged Muslims to deck up themselves politically to obtain their interests effectively. aft(prenominal) 1857, Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the major break by the Hindus on Muslim heritage and legacy of the great Muslim Empire.Hindus were one-sided against Urdu as it was the Muslims oral communication. They demanded Hindi as the positive language replacing Urdu. There were demonstrations against Urdu by the Hindus in Banaras in 1867. It was the start of the Hindi-Urdu controversy. On the very(prenominal) issue, Sir Syed foretold about the unstable prospective of Hindu-Muslim unity. Hindus struggled vigorously to re indicate Urdu by Hindi in the offices. This enhanced the importance of the genius of Muslim separatism. The Muslim nationalism is manifested with the sumptuous principles to implement want 1. direct of Law, socio-economic justice, equity and clear play. 2. Equality of probability to all citizens disregarding of clan, sect, reli gion or region. 3. Religious and cultural tolerance. 4. Respect for tender dignity and rights. 5. shelter of the rights and interests of non-Muslims and independence to practice their beliefs and religions. These principles are enshrined in the geniuss. We ought to work towards realization of these goals in cosmos and create institutions and processes that reflect these principles and values. confabulate 2- Ideology of Pakistan in the begin of evidencements of QUAID-I-AZAM and ALLAMA Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of advancements of QUAID-I-AZAM and ALLAMA IQBAL The Development of Muslim Identity and Two-Nation Theory and Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Iqbal The sense of nationhood developed among the Muslims before the substantiation of Pakistan. Their goal was mostly to protect and promote their identity and interests and shape their lives in accord with their ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.They espouse the strategy to father constitutional safeguards from the British against the cruel majority of Hindus solely because of the antagonistic treatment from the rivals they set the goal of a separate state. Islam had fundamental place to their raise developments. The subprogram of lead is very important to put nation on the way. A good leadinghip infuses the qualities of advisedness, consciousness, mobilization, sense of direction, and defense against the adversaries. The Muslims were lucky having much(prenominal) competent leadinghip. Muhammad Ali JINNAH M. A.Jinnah was a history-making leader who changed the draw off across of history. He possessed a magician leadershiphip, commitment to the cause and political mobilization capacity. He was a Charismatic leader in the real sense of the meaning. character fibre OF JINNAH Jinnah played a decisive character reference in articulating the Muslim demands and pursuing these verbalism strong competition from the Hindus and the British. He started his political career in 1906 by connector the Indian depicted object social intercourse. He was select to the legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he also conjugate the All India Muslim compact (AIML).Now he was member of twain the political parties. Having dis bargain with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj ( self-rule), complete unbosomdom from the British and on using extra-constitutional means, Jinnah expeled from the intercourse in 1920. His primal efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when THE LUCKNOW PACT (1916) was signed. The Hindus reliable the Muslim demands correct Electorate One- trinity sit in central Legislature protection of minority rights In the Nehru repute, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated violence seriousy by presenting 14 Points in 1929.He defined Muslim identity and mobilized them with reference to Islam and convinced other(a)(a)s that Muslims are different from the Hindus and the re lative. Islamic principles, concepts and symbols surfaced in his speeches and statements. Jinnah used the term nation for the Muslims of India in Feb 1935 (legislative Assembly). He argued that the combination of religion, culture, race, arts, music and so forth make a minority a SEPARATE ENTITY. In bump into 1936 Bombay, he stated that the Muslims could find at a settlement with Hindus as TWO Nations. In 1937, he insist that there is also a deuce-ace troupe in India, the Muslims.In 1939, he roared that the Muslims and Hindus are two nations and they are going to live as a nation and performing part as a nation We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and honourable code, custom and calendar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions in short, we stomach our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all flowerpotnons of world-wide law, we are a nation. Speeches and statements 1940-47 Jinnah believed in the force of Islam as he evidence that Islam is a dynamic force that evoke fall in the Muslims.It can suspensor to overcome the present crisis. Its a start of dream and guidance providing ethical foundation, a framework, social order and civilization. Guidance & inspiration for constitution-making and brass He also talked of the juvenile notions of state, constitution, civil and political rights and democracy. He assured that constitution of Pakistan would be framed by the choose assembly. recent antiauthoritarian and Islamic State He gave assurance of equality of all citizens and rights and freedom to ghostly minorities in the new state. ALLAMA IQBAL POET AND PHILOSOPHERVISION OF A SEPARATE MUSLIM enunciate Men standardized Allama Iqbal are innate(p) but in centuries. He was conscious of significance of Islam in lives of the Muslims. His offset public appearance was in 1899 at the annual sitting of Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam in Lahore when he presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim. At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry contained verses handle Tarana-i- Hind. His poetry was a critique of the existing societal conditions. organism educated from Europe, he knew all wanton aspects of the westerly culture. He criticized capitalism, materialism and escape of spiritualism.IQBAL- Focus on the conditions of the Indian Muslims Islam can salvage the Muslims Islam has always protected Muslim Islam is a living and dynamic ideology that can meet forward-looking challenges Islam to help them to overcome their internal discord and alter them to meet external challenges With spiritualism ground derived from Islam Ijtehad and Reinterpretation (READ Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam) Address to the Muslim League session, Allahabad, declination 1930 I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan modify into a single state as a self regimen deep down t he British conglomerate or without.This is the last quite a little of the Muslims of N. W. India. (Dr Iqbals verses may be quoted) web site may also be visited Lecture 3 The Aligarh motion The Aligarh consummation The struggle of Independence 1857 end in a disaster for the Muslims. The British believed that the Muslims were responsible for the war of 1857 and therefore, they were subjected to ruthless penalty and merciless revenge. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their enemies because they had ousted them from power.With the war of 1857 this feeling was intensified and every attempt was do to ruin and seize the Muslims forever. Thus the Mughal rule came to an end and the sub- genuine went directly under the British crown. Sir Syed Ahmad caravan inn do modern education the way to progress After the Muslim rule, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes. The policy curb Arabic, Persian and spiritual educatio n in schools and make side as the only medium of instruction as well as the official language in 1835.A wrong attitude of everything modern and double-uern, and faltering to make use of the opportunities opening under the new regime was created among the Muslims. This tendency, had it continued long, would live with proved disastrous for the Muslim community. such were the days of despair and despondency when Sir Syed appeared on the horizon of Muslim India to rescue them. Sir Syed had the trust that regeneration of the Indian Muslims had not at all envisioned that man charitable had entered a very important phase of its existence, i. e. n era of perception and learning which was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for the regeneration of the Indian Muslims, which brought a complete orientation in their lives. He assay to transform Muslim minds from medieval outlook to a modern one. Hali and Shib li were also associated with the Aligarh accomplishment. Sir Syeds number 1ly and first objective was to modernize the Muslims following the tungstenern cultural values that could create couthie gentle wind for the two communities.He motivated his community to learn the Western philosophy and side literature to get along with the belief people. Therefore, in order to fulfill this go for he started the Aligarh movement. He had two agile objectives in view 1) To change the state of tension between the Muslims and the British political science, and 2) To sustain them to get jobs and other facilities under the new politics. To him, this was the only way for the Muslims to prosper. The ideas of Sir Syed may be summed up as following 1. To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the Muslims 2.To motivate the Muslims to learn Western education 3. To persuade Muslims to leave off from agitational politics Fortunately, Syed Ahmad khan wa s able to get in a number of sincere friends who shared his views and helped him. Among them were well-known figures like nabob Mohsin ul Mulk, nawab Viqar ul Mulk, Hali, Shibli, Nazir Ahmad, Chiragh Ali, Mohammad Hayat, and Zakaullah. All these personalities advocated the cause set by Sir Syed Ahmad caravansary. some(prenominal) English professors like Bech, Morison, capital of North Carolina and Arnold also contributed greatly in building up the Aligarh college into a first rate institution.Syed Ahmad launched his educational movement by stage setting up Gulshan School at Muradabad 1859 capital of Seychelles School at Gazipur in 1863 scientific Society for the translation of English full treatment in the native language, Urdu, at Aligarh in 1864 Aligarh Institute Gazette imparting entropy on history ancient and modern, science of agriculture, natural sciences, physical sciences and Advanced maths in 1866 Committee Striving for the educational Progress of Muslims 1870 Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental School (MAO) at Aligarh in 1875 at the pattern of English public schools and later raised to the take of college in 1877 and university in 1920 Mohammedan educational Conference (1886), which met every year to take stock of the educational problems of the Muslims and to persuade them to get modern education and abstain from politics it later became a political backtalk of the Indian Muslims and the forerunner of the All India Muslim league. Besides his big(p) theatrical image in the educational learn of the Muslims, Syed Ahmad caravan inns publications played important role in popularizing the ideals for which the Aligarh stood.His Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind in 1858 and other writings as Loyal Mohammedans of India Tabyin-ul-Kalam and Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya rooted out the misunderstandings about Islamic teachings and helped create a cordial relation between the British political science and the Indian Muslims and also helped to remove the misunders tanding about Islam and Christianity. It was this platform from where Syed Ahmad Khan strongly forbade the Muslims to conglutination the Hindu dominated political party, the Indian National coitus. He regretted the Urdu-Hindi controversy initiated by Hindus and predicted that both the nations could no longer live together. He stood for silent Movement theory. eats for Muslims and also promoted the idea that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations, which led to the Two Nation Syed Ahmad Khans Aligarh Movement played a strong role to bring about an talented revolution among the Indian Muslims. Thus Aligarh Movement succeeded in achieving its major objectives and boosted up the demoralize Muslim community to the real location of nation. Lecture 4 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and His Contributions Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and His Contributions The great emancipator of the Indian Muslims Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was innate(p) at Delhi in 1817. This is the result when the great Mughal Empire w as rigorous to a complete collapse.Sir Syeds family had already fall in the East India Company and his maternal grandfather served in Iran and Burma under the British government. Sir Syed got interest in English from his maternal family. SM Ikram writes, For this insight into the affairs of the state and first contacts with Western learning and civilization he was indebted to his maternal grandfather (S. M. Ikram, Modern Muslim India, p. 18). Sir Syed was very healthy by birth and his grandfather remarked A Jat has been natural in our family. (Ibid. , p. 19) The death of Sir Syed forced him to join the British as head shop assistant in 1839. The death of his brother make him serious and energetic to face the neuroses of life courageously. Another event that changed him entirely was the war of Independence in 1857.In 1841, he passed run and became sub-judge. At the eve of the struggle of Independence he was performing the duties as sub-judge in Bijnore. He established educat ional institutions and after coming at Aligarh he rejuvenated his aspirations to work for the depressed Muslims of the Subcontinent. He devoted his entire life for this purpose to bring the Muslims close to the British. He died on abut 27, 1898 and was buried in Aligarh. His Services He took responsibility of the Indian Muslims when they had been thrown in backwardness, opinion andn humiliation. The British held them criminal of the War piece of music the Hindus had won the British being anti-Muslim force.In such environment, Sir Syed guided his community to rejoin the life. To Dr Qalb-i-Abid, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was among a very few leaders produced by Muslim India, who like Mohammad Ali Jinnah made a tremendous component part in guiding the destinies of the Indian Muslims. (Dr Q. Abid, Muslim attempt for Independence, p. 11. ) Sir Syed and political sympathies In the political arena, Sir Syed shape numerous extend tores he eradicated misunderstandings between the Muslims and the British infused due to the past particular incidents. wake up among the Muslims about the political ups and downs and co-existence in the front line of other nations in India was another contribution of Sir Syed.He motivated the Muslims to absorb the modern education of the West because this was the very motive of the Western expansion in the world. He visualized the bright future of the Muslims if they engaged themselves in the Western learning. Sir Syed won the British self-assurance and cordial kinship by thriftiness their lives during the War of Independence. He utilized this consanguinity for the betterment of the Muslims. It was a subtle incident because the government had put the War crimes on the Muslim shoulders and misdemeanored their every aspect of life These events were a trauma for the Muslims the methods used by them shocked the civilized world. The detestation of Delhi as a centre of Muslim culture was horrendous Bahadur Shah Zafarwas exiled to Rango on Lt.Hodson shot three Mughal princes and later 24 princes were try and executed a vast ocean of blood there was more or less Muslims were shot assassinated and their dead bodies were thrown into the river Jamna (Ibid. , p. 14). All Muslims were ousted from land, property and employments that made them third class citizens of India. This created revengeful sentiments among the Muslims who despised British, their culture and civilization. Sir Syed was of the view that British were a civilized, educated, wise and disciplined nation and occupy India with the new war strategy and munitions that could not be matched by the locals and peculiarly by the Muslims.Therefore at the juncture the Muslims should mould themselves correspond to the stones throw of time to avoid more disaster. Sir Syed published Loyal Mohammedans of India and Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind that helped both the nations to damages their grievances. In 1885 the Indian National coition was founded but Sir Sye d warned the Muslims from the sinister aspirations of the Hindus. Another actor was that he intended the Muslims to abstain from the politics that could result in friction with the reigning nation. Urdu-Hindi Controversy Urdu grew as common language of all the Indians regardless of origin or religion but in 1867 the Benarsi Hindus started campaign to replace Urdu by Hindi.To gain the objectives, they declare numerous organizations, which discouraged Sir Syed who said to Shakespeare that since now both the nations could not live together. Later the followers of Sir Syed tried their level exceed to save Urdu language. Mohsin ul Mulk was the outstanding person who unionized the Muslims in defense of Urdu. Muslims-as a Nation Sir Syed used the word nation for the Muslims. Some writers criticize that he declared Hindus and Muslims one nation. But as a take of fact, he advocated the Hindu-Muslim unity that meant the working relationship between the two nations as once he said Hindus and Muslims should try to be of one mind in matters which alter their progress. He favored separate electorate for the Muslims in 1883 saying that the majority would over dislodgee the interests of the minority. (P. Hardy, pp. 136-37) unify Indian chauvinistic Association In 1888, he set up the Patriotic Association to meet the propaganda of the congress. Muslims and Hindus joined the Association. It advocated the Muslims emotions. Mohammedan Defense Association In celestial latitude 1893, Sir Syed founded the Association. Its main purpose was to protect the political, religious and social rights of the Muslims. Sir Syed was great because he contributed greatly to the Muslim struggle for identity. Otto von Bismarck served the German nation with the help of all government sources but Sir Syed did the same without all this.To Khalid stash away Sayeed, Many tributes commit been paid to Sir Sayyed, particularly by modern educated Muslims for being daring enough to put forward suc h views in an age which was by no means liberal or tolerant. (Dr Khalid Bin Sayeed, Pakistan, the Formative Phase, p. 17). Lecture 5- major Political Developments 1857-1918 Major Political Developments 1857-1918 The year 1857 brought decline to the Muslim rule in India. Muslims and Hindus participated in the War of Independence but the British held only Muslims responsible for the rebellion. The Muslims were persecuted ruthlessly and left at the mercy of time. The billet war era was disastrous for the Muslims but some personalities emerged on the national jibe and played excellent role to guide their people in this critical situation.The substitution Mohammedan Association of referee emir Ali Syed and the Aligarh movement are very prominent in this regard. Their efforts for revival of the self-identity and political stead in the Indian society enabled them to face any challenge in the future. Some important issues take up already been discussed in the previous lectures. So a drawing reference to events in historical context may be apt(p) autumn after the 1857 Uprising Sir Syed and his colleagues efforts for revival removal of misunderstanding between the Muslims and the British educational movement or acquisition of modern knowledge and English Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the issue that unearthed the hatred and enmity ofHindu community towards the Muslims. physical composition of the relative was a method to moderate the Muslims in Hinduism. It popularized the agitational politics that Muslims could not generate because they were still recovering the past gaps. Hindu Revivalist movements mostly targeted the Muslims that accelerated the pace of widening the gulf between the two nations. Events Since the Beginning of 20TH Century 1. zone of Bengal, 1905 2. Simla direction, 1906 3. organization of the Muslim League, 1906 4. motleys in the Goals of the Muslim League, 1913 5. Lucknow Pact, 1916 1 naval division of Bengal 1905 United Be ngals area covered 189,000 sq. miles with 80 one thousand thousand populations.Dr Abdul Hameed writes in his book, Muslim Separatism in India, that the partition was imperative even if Curzon had not initiated it. A Lt. Governor had problems in looking after the eastern areas. Mainly Muslim suffered because of the rotten administration by the British. forwards 1905, many intents of partition of Bengal had been under consideration but Lord Curzon decided to practicalise this administrative p jalopy. East Bengal became incidentally a Muslim majority province having 13000000 out of 31000000. West Bengal was a Hindu majority province. Muslims were very happy on the partition as this had enabled them to promote their life conditions.It was rightly an opportunity for compensation. The Muslim community support it strongly but Hindus retaliated furiously saying it the division of motherland. The carnal knowledge joined the anti-partition movement. They started widespread agitation, cr aze and boycott of foreign goods. The main undercoat of Hindu protest was that they had loosened entrap over the eastern parts. Annulment of the Partition on 12 declination 1911 The British government revoked the partition to avoid hustle on the visit of King George V. The Muslims were baffle by the government response to the scarlet strategy of protests adopted by the Hindus. 2 The Simla Deputation 1906In fact Simla Deputation was in line with a cordial of idea that was developing amongst the Muslims during that time i. e. they had certain interests and they essential stand up to protect their rights and unless they do that that objective would not be achieved. The Simla Deputation of 1906 was the first systematic attempt on the part of the Muslims to present their demands, to the British government and to seek their acceptance. The Simla deputation conciliated 35 Muslims from all over India. It was a galaxy of Muslims leaders from all the provinces, from one end of India to the other and it had Muslims of all background. Therefore, when in 1906, this deputation called on the vicereine, it was the most representative Muslim missionary work.This commissioning was led by Sir Agha Khan and Nawab Mohsin ul Malik served as a secretary and this delegation met the viceroy in Simla that was why it was called as Simla Deputation. The memorandum which they presented was a kind of demands which were the topmost in the minds of the Muslims at that time. The delegation emphasize that the Muslims should not be viewed simply in numerical terms but they should take into account their historical importance and the kind of contribution the Muslims had made to British India and holding in view that importance they should work towards accommodating their demands. The delegation emphasized that democratic principle should be introduced property in view the peculiar conditions and circumstances of India.The diversity, the fact that there different kinds of people l iving in India and the fact that the Muslims consider themselves to be a separate entity, all these things had to be taken into account because the India was not a homogenous amalgamated or massive political identity. It was a political identity comprising diversity, divergence in view, divergence in outlook and when you introduce some kind of system then these realities had to be accommodated. In view of this submission they presented some demands delegation more than their population because of their importance. single out electorate Reservations of Muslims lay in government jobs. Special look at in Municipal or district boards University senates and yndicates Muslim mold in Viceroy executive Council. Muslim University at Aligarh. The Viceroy was sympathetic towards the demands. It encouraged the Muslims to launch struggle for their rights parallel to the Indian National recounting but it undeniable an organized platform. 3 Formation of the Muslim League in Dhaka celestia l latitude 30, 1906 Time had come to formally organize the Muslims after the success of the Simla Deputation. The Muslim leaders desired to create a permanent political forum. After the run across of the Mohammedan educational Conference, the Muslim leaders met to set up the All India Muslim League. Wiqar-ul-Mulk chaired the meeting.Nawab Salimullah proposed Muslim League and hakim Ajmal Khan and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan back uped. In the Karachi academic session Dec. 1907 its constitution was approved and in butt 1908 at Aligarh, Agha Khan was formally pick out its president. capital of the United Kingdom Branch may 1908 Justice Amir Ali Syed organised a limb of Muslim League at London and responded effectively to the misunderstandings and conspiracies of the Hindus against the Muslims. GOALS 1. Protection and promotion of political rights and interests of the Muslims. 2. Cooperation with other communities without prejudice to the above goal. 3. further sense of loyalty, amo ng the Muslims, towards the government 4 Change in the Goals of the Muslim League 1913Important developments occurred during the first decade of the twentieth century like annulment of the Partition of Bengal and Western enmity towards Muslim countries, Balkan wars, Libya-Italy war, Demolition of the mosque in Kawnpur (1913), etcetera weakened Muslim faith in the British. This led to a major bluster in the Muslim Leagues policy. In 1913, the League changed its goals Self government under the British Crown keeping in view the peculiar conditions in India. Good relations with other communities cooperation with any party working for similar goals. This change brought the ML and sexual intercourse closer. In this way the era of cooperation between Hindus and Muslims set in. The role of the Quaid-i-Azam is highly noteworthy to bring the recounting and the Muslim League to the table. He joined the Muslim League in 1913. 5 Lucknow Pact, 1916The Lucknow pact was the product of Hindu- Muslim unity envisaged by M. A. Jinnah. In declination 1915, the ML and Congress met separately in Bombay. Both the parties set up committees for making a scheme for constitutional changes in consultation with other political parties. Role of the Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah did a lot to unite the two nations along with the information of the rights of Muslims. Meeting of both parties held at Lucknow in 1916. The constitutional proposals were approved 1. One third base seating for Muslims in the Imperial legislative Council. 2. Separate Electorate 3. Half members of the Executive Council to be elected by the Imperial Legislative Council. 4. missionary stationed ranks of the army for Indians. 5.Expansion of provincial Legislative Councils. 6. Half members of the Governors Executive Council be elected by churl Legislative Council 7. Weightage to minorities in provinces. Gains from Muslim Point-of-view 1. Separate Electorate 2. One Third Muslim seating room in cardinal Legislature. 3. Unofficial bill, if debate by three-fourth members of a community, it go out not be passed. August 20, 1917 Announcement by British Government Secretary of State Montagu promised for 1. Greater association of Indian in all branches of government. 2. Responsible government 3. knowledgeableness of Indians in the commissioned ranks. Conclusion The historical struggle of the Muslims confirmed their identity.They organized their political party to address the demands. They also got cognizance by the Hindus as a separate nation. The British accepted their role in the political domain. Lecture 6 The Khilafat Movement The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement launched by the Muslims of British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the control of Muslim consecrated places to non-Muslims. bomb calorimeter sided with Germany in World War 1. As it began to lose the war, concerns were explicit in India about the future of Turkey. It was a degree period from 1919 to 1922 casting demonstrations, boycott, and other squash by the two major communities, the Hindus and the Muslims.Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to help the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial attachments based on Islam. Another factor same to the first was that the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the Muslim world as Ummah. Goals 1. Ottoman Khilafat should be unbroken intact. 2. Territorial solidarity of Turkey be preserved. 3. pick up of holy the places should not be given to non-Muslims. Dimensions The writings of the Muslim intellectuals provoked the sentiments for the delivery of Khilafat and retention of the Muslims control of the holy places. The Muslims news media played a vital role to steer the direction of the struggle.Zamindar of Zafar Ali Khan, Comrade and Hamdard of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, and Al-Hilal of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad etc. were the prominent newspap ers and magazines which per organise their duties to express their resentment. The Allies impose humiliating terms on vanquished Turkey. Protests in India All India Khilafat Committee was formed at Bombay in July 1919. The first Khilafat Conference at Delhi in November 1919 was arrange in which the Congress leaders like Gandhi and Nehru participated. In this way, the major political parties joined hands to assault the injustice with the Muslim community. These steps were announce No participation in achievement celebrations. ostracise of British goodsNon Cooperation with the Government The second Khilafat Conference (Amritsar) was held in Dec. 1919. Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali joined the session after being released from prison. In Jan. 1920, M. A. Ansari led a delegation to Viceroy era Maulana M. A. Jauhar to Europe. The Khilafat Committee decided to start non-cooperation in collaboration with the Congress in whitethorn 1920. Rowlett Act, 1919 Rowlett Act was a black law introduced in India. To the law, the government got authority to persecute any Indian and the arrested had no eagerness of legal assistance and right to petition just as the Lettres de Cachet in France before the French Revolution.Jinnah resigned from the central legislative assembly as a protest. Jallianwala Bagh Incident, April 1919 The people garner in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar but popular Dyer opened fire to disperse the large number that cast a huge human casualties (379). It is considered one of the great tragedies in India. In 1940, by killing Governor Punjab, Sir Michaal O Dayer, Ram Muhammad Singh Azad got revenge of the Indian massacre. The Nagpur Session of the Congress (Dec. 1920) approved non-cooperation with Government but Jinnah pushd and left the Congress because he was against the use of extra-constitutional means of protests. Non-Cooperation Return Titles. Boycott of courts and educational institutions. Resign from jobs. Later resign from jurispru dence and military jobs. Refusal to pay taxes. Khilafat Conference, Karachi, July 1921 In the session the participants expressed their loyalty to Turkish Sultan. They decided to continue the agitation and supported Attaturk to expel foreign forces from Turkey. Hijrat Movement 1920-21 The Indian ulama (religious leaders) declared India Darul Harab. Darul Harab means the place (country) where Muslims are not allowed to perform their religious practices. In the said situation, the Muslims should migrate to the warm safe place. The ulama issued verdicts to go to Darul Islam, Afghanistan.There was an sentiment that King of Afghanistan would welcome them. So the migration took place at large scale. Initially Afghans welcomed them. Later, they close the border and pushed the migrants back to the Indian territories. It resulted in loss of lives and money. Many died during this mission. Some went to Soviet Union from Afghanistan because they had nothing in India now. break of the Movem ent Moplah Revolt Malabar Coast, near Kalicut Moplahs were the descendents of the Arab Muslims colonized in the Sub-Continent even before the reaching of Muhammad Bin Qasim. In August 1921, they revolted against Hindu landlords whose treatment was very brutal with them.Later this light touch changed as Moplahs versus the Police and Hindu. This embittered the Hindu-Muslim relations. There was an emergence in violence day by day and the Chorachori Incident (UP) in February 1922 turn the situation. The Congress volunteers set a police station on fire and 21 policemen were killed. Gandhi suddenly called off the movement. Developments in Turkey In 1922 Attaturk emerged as a national leader and dependant powers of Sultan. Next he was appointed Chief of the state by Grand National Assembly. In March 1924, Khilafat was abolished. This caused a widespread resentment among the Indian Muslims. They sent delegations to Turkey but failed to achieve their objectives. Conclusions 1.It was re -affirmation of the reality that religion is a mobilizing force and curiously Islam has mobilization capacity to organize masses. 2. It was the movement launched on the basis of extra-territorialism. Later, no such movement but Pan-Islamic sentiments continued. 3. It resulted in the sufferings of the Muslims 4. Hindu-Muslim unity proved short-lived. Reactivation of the Muslim League and other Muslim organizations to restart their activities as a separate nation was the great outcome. Lecture 7 Muslim authorities in British India 1924-1935 Muslim Politics in British India 1924-1935 1. Delhi Muslim Proposals 2. Nehru constitution 3. Quaid-i-Azams Fourteen Points 4. Simon Commission 5. pear-shaped Table Conferences 6. fundamental Proposals BackdropThe Khilafat movement brought Hindu-Muslim communities to cooperation. The leaders made the efforts to revive harmony for preparing constitutional proposals. 1 Delhi Muslim Proposals March 1927 Important Muslim leaders on the initiativ e of the Quaid met in Delhi to discuss constitutional and political issues. The major demands were Punjab and Bengal statuary Muslim majorities No Weightage in provinces Sind to be separated from Bombay Constitutional Reforms in NWFP One-third put for Muslims in Central Legislature On communal issues, no law will be passed if three-fourth members of the concerned community oppose it. If these demands are accepted, they will give up separate electorate. Subsequently, the Muslim League was divided in the Punjab, Shafi League and Jinnah League. Sir Muhammad Shafi opposed Jinnah on the issues Separate electorate Attitude towards the Simon Commission. Jinnah continued his eternal efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity. 2 The Nehru Report 1928 The main objective was to constitute proposals for the Indian Constitution. The Congress called All Parties Conference that appointed a 10-member committee in May 1928 under the Chairmanship of Motilal Nehru and Secretary ship of Jawaharla l Nehru. Recommendations that threatened Muslim interests are No Separate electorate No One-third seats for Muslims in Central Assembly No reservation of seats for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal. In Hindu- majority provinces, the Muslims may be given seats jibe to population Sind to be made a province if it can bear its expenses. Balochistan, NWFP were accepted to be given constitutional military position on certain conditions. Quaid-i-Azam tried to get amendments in the Report in the All Parties Conference in Calcutta but did not succeed. This is the very moment when Jinnah remarked, it is parting of the ways. He presented the 14 points as a Muslim leader. 3 Jinnahs Fourteen Points 1929 1. federal system with residuary powers with the provinces 2. Provincial autonomy. 3. Separate electorate for Muslims. 4.Effective mental re show to minorities in the provinces but the majority should not be reduced to minority 5. One-third representation of Muslims in Central Legislature. 6. One third Muslim representation in cabinets. 7. No changes in the boundaries of the Punjab and Bengal that would adversely affect Muslim majority. 8. Religious freedom to all. 9. No law will be passed if three-fourth elected members of a community declare that it is against their interests. 10. Sind to be made a separate province. 11. Constitutional Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan. 12. Muslim representation in govt. jobs. 13. Constitutional safeguards for Islamic culture and civilization, education, language, personal laws and Muslim institutions.Government should provide pecuniary assistance. 14. No constitutional amendment unless all essential units of the federation agree to it. These points reflected the aspirations of every Muslim living in India. 4 The Simon Commission The British government sent a commission to seek the opinion of Indians on the future shape of constitutional arrangements. It arrived in India in 1927 and it published the report in 1930. Most political parti es boycotted it. It presented its report containing several constitutional proposals Federal system of government with strong centre Two Houses. abolishment of Dyarchy system in provinces more powers to provincial governments. Governor not to deputise in day to day affairs. Constitutional changes in NWFP 5 roundtable Conferences 1930, 1931, and 1932 eldest Session of the Conference In the first session, a number of prominent Muslims like M. A. Jinnah, Sir Shafi, Maulana M. A. Jauhar, Zafarullah Khan participated. They emphasized federalism, self- government, safeguards for minorities, separate electorate, invidious representation in central legislative assembly, near majorities in Punjab and Bengal. Second Conference Maulana M. A. Jauhar had died after the first conference. Iqbal, Jinnah and others participated in the second conference. Gandhi correspond the Congress.The key issues of the session were Federation and Minorities. The communal Award, August 1932 Prime Mini ster Ramsay MacDonald proclaimed the Communal Award 1. Separate electorate for all minorities of India. 2. Weightage to minorities 3. No Muslim majorities in Punjab and Bengal as was followed in Lucknow Pact 4. One third representation for Muslims in Central legislature 5. One fourth representation for Muslims in services 6. Sind to be made a province Poona Pact, September 1932 The Congress expressed strong reaction against the right of separate electorate to the Indian minorities, especially to low rank Hindus whom Gandhi named Harijan (sons of God).Dissonance in Gandhi is conspicuous that he notice fast unto death on the right to the sons of God. An agreement with low caste to surrender the separate electorate right was conclude to save Gandhis life. 3rd Roundtable Conference Nov. 17-Dec. 24 1932 The main issues had been discussed in the first two conferences and now the rest of them were to be discussed. It was poorly attended conference. Quaid did not participate despite li ving in London. Gandhi did not attend as he had been detained. The conference brought no change in party positions and widened Hindu-Muslim gulf. White Paper on Constitutional Proposals March 1933 The British government issued a small document in the form the White Paper.It included feature of working basis of the Indian constitution with Dyarchy in the centre and full responsible governments in the provinces. Government of India Act, 1935 ratified by the King August 1935 Despite these efforts the communal problems could not be settled as satisfactory to the nations living in India particularly the Muslim. Therefore the key issues remained unchanged Hindu Muslim Relations visitation to arrive at settlement Muslim demands transmuted from safeguarding rights to complete independencePakistan. Lecture 8 ALLAMA IQBALs Presidential Address December 1930 ALLAMA IQBALs Presidential Address December 1930 Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal ranks amongst the Muslim intellectuals who left a deep impact on history.He inspired Muslims of the Sub-Continent and beyond. He infused a moving spirit and identity in the Indian Muslims. He presented a framework of their political future and talked how that would help to achieve the goal of Ummah. He presented a vision and dream in his Allahabad Address. 1 Background The Hindu-Muslim question had great importance and stood crucial to British Indian history after 1857, especially in the 20th century. To Muslims, the key issue remained separate identity. They tried their level best to make the rival nations understand that the Muslims are a separate nation having different culture and civilization, interests and rights.The Two Nations theory could not fascinate the Hindus and the British peoples because they believed in territorial nationalism. The Hindus desired to absorb them in their majority but they could not face the arguments of the Muslim intellectuals. By 1930, Muslims had developed a sense of identity and political demands. Iqbal delivered his Presidential address in this background. Iqbals stay in Europe, 1905-08, helped to crystallize his thoughts. He returned to India in 1908 and started work on the root of Muslim decline and the mechanism to uplift the Muslims. He reminded them to follow the teachings of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) practically as the ideal leader. He emphasized on the ideals, teachings and principles of Islam.He sought repurchase through Islam. He was awarded with many prominent social positions Title of Sir was conferred in 1922 outgrowth Punjab Legislative Council (1927-1930) He delivered lectures on Islam in Aligarh, Hyderabad and Madras (1928-29). At Allahabad, he presided over the meeting and delivered his famous address. The Address, December 1930 Iqbal presented a review of the political and social situation of India and solution of the ills befalling India. He evaluated the importance of role of Islam in the lives of Muslims of British India. He said that the European view o f duality of religion and state does not apply here in the Indian society.Rejecting the secularism he said, religion is not a totally personal affair. He explained that Islam offers an ethical order, socio-political structure, legal framework, code of life, culture and civilization. It is a living, dynamic force that has a profound impact on the lives of Indian Muslims. With the force of Islam the scattered and disoriented people have been turned into an organized force. The Muslims are not willing to submerge their religious individuality. They have lack of trust, fear of supremacy from Hindus. If the British want any come apart of internal harmony it would be inconceivable unless the communal question is settled. Its historical reality that India is a continent populate by diverse people.No political arrangement may be acceptable without recognizing this reality. If the Muslims have an opportunity to develop in conformance with their Islamic civilization and tradition, they would be willing to sacrifice their lives for India. Federalism cannot succeed without recognizing the national identity of the Muslims. Territorial redistribution of British India on the basis of religion has become a motivation of time. Punjab, NWFP, Sind and Balochistan be amalgamated into a state, self government within the British empire or without it. The formation of such a consolidated North Western Muslim state appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North West India.To India, it will offer peace and protective covering due to internal balance of power. Islam is a people building force in India that has given moral consciousness and political identity to the people. Importance Iqbals address is a forceful and logical presentation of the Muslim case in India. why should they be treated as a political entity rather than a minority? Territorial adjustments will enable the Muslims to develop themselves in accordance with their ideals and serve the cau se of Ummah. Redistribution of territory developed later on concept of Muslim homeland. He further expressed these ideas in LETTERS TO JINNAH from May 1936 to November 1937.He talked of a separate federation of Muslim provinces. The North Western India and Bengal can be considered as entitle to self-determination like other nations in India and outside. Shariahs development is impossible without a free Muslim state or states. He advised the Muslims to be above opportunism and devote themselves to Islam. In difficult times, Islam has saved the Muslims. Faith, culture and historical traditions are more important than patriotism. Lecture 9 Muslim Politics and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali Muslim Politics and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali Intellectuals give lines of movement, leaders act upon and the masses prove good soldiers and this way nations accomplish their achievements.Rahmat Ali was one of the eminent scholars who made a prodigious contribution to the movement for the establishment of Pakis tan. He was conscious of Muslim identity and draw proposals for the partition of India for the sake of Muslims. He was the man who coined the name, PAKISTAN, for the Muslim state. When he first presented his proposal for a Muslim state, nobody took it seriously. The Muslim intellectuals and leaders were concerned about the future of the Muslims in India. They ensured a secure future for Muslims. For this purpose they worked out various proposals for securing a homeland. Rahmat Ali becomes relevant here. Biographical Sketch Ch. Rahmat Ali was born in Hoshiarpur district in 1893. traditionally he did his B. A. from Islamia College, Lahore.He did the private and government jobs for some time and then left for Cambridge University for higher(prenominal) education. He was involved actively in the activities for the protection of rights of the Indian Muslims along with some other assimilators at Cambridge University. His activism goes back to his student days in Lahore when he talked of separate state for Muslims of India. Rahmat Alis Views He said that North Western areas are Muslim majority ares. We will not only keep these majorities but will turn them into a Muslim state. Muslims should get rid of Indianism, it is better for Muslims and Islam. In his writing, NOW OR NEVER (January 1933), he proposed the name of Muslim state, PAKISTAN. P Punjab A Afghania NWFP K Kashmir S Sind TAN BalochistanINDIA cannot be exposit as a state/country or home of single nation. This state did not exist as one political entity before the advent of the British. The Muslims are a distinct nation who has maintained its identity throughout. They are a separate nation. They have as much right to live as the Hindus. Pakistan should be separated from the rest of India. He further said that the deviation between Muslims and Hindus is not religious, sectarian or economic but an international. The Muslims are tenor for survival Hindus are trying for control over the other nations living in the Sub-Continent particularly the Muslims. He established the Pakistan National Movement in 1940.He began to talk about Bengal and Hyderabad as Muslim areas and separate states. Bang-i-Islam would comprise of Bengal and Assam and Osmanistan of Hyderabad Deccan. He visited Pakistan in 1948 but the atmosphere of the motherland did not suit him and so he returned to Cambridge. He died there on 11 February 1951. His Contribution It is the ever-shining contribution of Rahmat Ali that he coined the name of the Muslim state. He said that being nation, the Indian Muslims deserved a separate homeland. He gave the future lines to the Muslims considering Islamic thoughts universal and true in coincidence with the contemporary isms. When the Lahore Resolution was passed, it was instantly described as Pakistan Resolution.It, the division of India, was the solution of Hindu-Muslim question but Rahmat Ali proposed this long before the Lahore Resolution. Lecture 10 The Congress Ministries Po licies towards Muslims The Congress Ministries Policies towards Muslims Topics 1. Elections 2. Provincial Governments 3. Their Policies 4. Muslim Response Government of India Act, 1935 The Government of India Act, 1935 was not fully promulgated but the only provincial part was introduced in the country. Muslim League and the Congress criticized it but agreed to contest provincial elections. The 1937 Elections The elections of 1937 were held with the restricted franchise and separate electorate.The Congress intercommunicate itself as an all-India force representing all religions and factions of the society. The Muslim League contested for the Muslim seats. There was a tough competition from the other Muslim organizations. The elections were completed in February 1937. The Congress got majorities in five provinces, Madras, U. P. , C. P. , Bihar, and Orissa. It emerged as the largest party in Bombay and won 704 out of 1585 normal seats. The Muslim League performed poorly in the elect ions and got only about 21 percent of Muslim seats without winning majority anywhere, Bengal, Punjab, NWFP, and Sind. It was mostly due to the organizational problems and opposition by local Muslim groups. Formation of Provincial GovernmentsIn July 1937, Congress formed governments in 6 provinces. In NWFP, Khudai Khidmatgar and Congress formed a coalition government. In the Muslim majority provinces, the Muslim League could not form the governments. The Muslim League desired to be in government in the U. P. but the Congress consented to a conditional support 1. Dissolve AIML parliamentary Board 2. AIML members not to function as a separate group 3. AIML members to express allegiance to the Congress Definitely the preceding(prenominal) terms were a device to cut the existence of the Muslim League. Therefore, no agreement was possible on this issue. Policies of the Congress Governments (July 1937-Nov. 939) start-off all Congress governments in the provinces launched anti-Muslim d rive basically to exclude the ML and other Muslim organizations from the government making process. The Congress leaders had come to know that the ML had got roots in the masses. They started Muslim concourse Contact movement to defame the ML in their favour. They were making cultural and educational policies that promoted the Hindu culture and symbols in the name of Indian culture. They introduced Banda-Mataram anthem from Annandmath in the institutions and offices etc. The Hindi language was given top most importance in their policies. Wardha Educational Scheme was to convert Muslims into Hindus through firsthand educational literature.Projection of Hindu heroes like Gandhi and twist of Muslim history became their moral creed. They followed the policy of discrimination in services or new recruitment for jobs. The Congress ministries adopted overall negative and cruel attitude, especially towards the Muslim activists. This unjust treatment compelled the Muslims to be disciplined in every sphere of life. Muslim Response The Muslims were well aware of the theocratic inclination of the Hindu people. They arranged a close monitoring of the government. They air their policies and raised the issues. The mobilization of Muslims on these matters required keen probe to collect the reliable facts of the Hindu atrocities. The Pirpur ReportOn March 28, 1938, the Council of ML appointed an eight-member committee under the presidentship of Raja Syed Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur that presented its report on, November 15, 1938. It tried to dig out the cruelties of the Congress ministries in seven provinces. The report took up the Congress support to the rival Muslim organizations, bullying and threats to the pro-Muslim League people. The Sharif Report, March 1939 The ML deputed Mr. Shareef with members to check out the injustices under the dictatorial rule of the Hindus. This report mainly collected the facts, concentrating on ill treatment of the government with the Musl ims in Bihar. The Fazl-ul- Haq Report (December 1939) A. K. Fazl-ul-Haq published a pamphlet entitled Muslim Sufferings Under the Rule of Congress and made many alarming revelations e. g. orbidding of Azan, attacks in mosques, noisy processions of the Hindu scoundrels, forbidding of the cow-slaughter etc. This pamphlet responded the indictments by the Congress on the Muslims. All the reports described the Congress government as an attempt to create Hindu Raj that wanted to overwhelm the Muslim culture and their identity. It was a rigorous threat to the Muslims interests. Muslim League Activism The Muslim League highlighted the issues and mobilized the Muslims to takings them adequately. It reorganized the Muslim community to lie with with the situation. The ML arranged its session at Lucknow in October 1937. Many prominent leaders like Fazlul Haq participated in the session era SikanderHayat and Saadullah announced their support to the ML. The Muslim leaders shed a sharp rebuke on the Congress policies. They protested against the reduction of term of Urdu and other Muslim related issues. They created realization, amongst the Muslims, of what can happen under the Congress rule and urged for serious thinking about the future political and constitutional arrangements. They unearthed the real objectives of the Congress and urged the need of unity among the Muslims under the measure of Muslim League. The Second World War (September 1939) proved blessing for the Muslims in a sense that the Congress Ministries resigned in November 1939.The Muslims observed Day of Deliverance on December 22, 1939. The ML redefined its position during the World War II. They expressed their enthusiasm that no constitution to be enforced without the consent of the Muslims. They eradicated their organizational weaknesses and refined their objectives keeping the experiences of the Congress ministries. Lecture 11 The Lahore Resolution, 1940 The Lahore Resolution, 1940 The experience of Congress Rule compelled the Muslims to launch the movement for separate homeland. The Hindus made them realize that Hindu government would mean an anti-Muslim ru